Effect of orifice size on quality characteristics of burger made from spent laying duck meat

An experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of orifice size (4.5, 6, 8 and 10 mm) on the quality characteristics and acceptability of duck burger made from spent laying Khaki Campbell duck meat. Large orifice size resulted in lower fat and protein content compared to small orifice size. Hardness value also decreased significantly (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the diameter of shrinkage, cooking loss and colour of the burger. However, the hardness value decreased significantly with an increase in orifice size. The sensory evaluation showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) within the samples, but the overall acceptability score for burger prepared using 10 mm grind size was higher compared to those prepared at 4.5, 6 and 8 mm orifice sizes. Hence the 10 mm grind size was adopted as the optimum orifice size for spent laying Khaki Campbell duck burger.

Experimental Investigation of the Reynolds Shear Stress Exceedance Rate for the Injury and Disorientation Biocriteria Boundary in the Pool-Orifice and Vertical Slot Type Fishways

Fragmentation of rivers has a negative impact on river’s ecological status which can be improved by the construction of fishways next to obstacles in rivers that prevent a free migration. Flow field characteristics are key factors in the design process of hydraulically efficient fishways—flow and turbulence patterns in a functional fishway allow fish to enter, progress through and exit with minimum time/energy expenditure. The aim of this paper is an experimental study of the flow field characteristics measured in the physical fishway model with the goal of providing information on the Reynold’s shear stress distribution that would facilitate their design in accordance with the environmental requirements. The focus of the research was on the nominally hydraulically efficient con-figuration pool-type fishways—pool-orifice and vertical slot. Fishway geometry was varied for bottom slope (7.5%, 10% and 12.5%), pool length (45 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm) and orifice size (8 × 8 cm, 10 × 10 cm and 12 × 12 cm) in a model scaled 1:3 to the prototype. Since Reynold’s shear stress has been identified as the main turbulent parameter affecting fish swimming performance and behavior, it is used as the basis for the analyses. The velocity data were collected with Vectrino ADV and processed in all three planes—streamwise, horizontal and vertical. Reynold’s shear stress data were analyzed according to the injury (>50 N/m2) and disorientation (>30 N/m2) biocriteria boundaries defined in the literature. The percentage of the flow field exceeding the boundaries were analyzed depending on the fishway geometry. The results obtained in this research suggest that the critical design parameter is the orifice size for the pool-orifice fishways and the pool length for the VS fishway. The Reynold’s shear stress is generally the highest in the bottom layer for pool-orifice fishways and the surface layer for vertical slot fishways.

Numerical Simulation of Self-Propelled Steady Jet Propulsion at Intermediate Reynolds Numbers: Effects of Orifice Size on Animal Jet Propulsion

Most marine jet-propelled animals have low swimming efficiencies and relatively small jet orifices. Motivated by this, the present computational fluid dynamics study simulates the flow for a jet-propelled axisymmetric body swimming steadily at intermediate Reynolds numbers of order 1–1000. Results show that swimming-imposed flow field, drag coefficients, swimming efficiencies, and performance index (a metric comparing swimming speeds sustained by differently sized orifices ejecting the same volume flow rate) all depend strongly on orifice size, and orifice size affects the configuration of oppositely signed body vorticity and jet vorticity, thereby affecting wake and efficiency. As orifice size decreases, efficiencies decrease considerably, while performance index increases substantially, suggesting that, for a given jet volume flow rate, a smaller orifice supports faster swimming than a larger one does, albeit at reduced efficiency. These results support the notion that most jet-propelled animals having relatively small jet orifices may be an adaptation to deal with the physical constraint of limited total volume of water available for jetting, while needing to compete for fast swimming. Finally, jet orifice size is discussed regarding the role of jet propulsion in jet-propelled animal ecology, particularly for salps that use two relatively large siphons to respectively draw in and expel water.

Role of Sparger Configuration in Determining Flotation Performance under Oscillatory Air Supply

Bubble size is crucial for determining flotation efficiency. Fine bubbles can be cost-effectively generated using a multi-orifice sparger with oscillatory air supply. Sparger configuration is defined by the orifice size, the plate thickness and the chamber volume. To date, the effect of sparger configuration on bubble size with oscillatory air supply is not clear yet. To facilitate the control of bubble size formed with oscillatory air supply, the present work investigated the dependence of bubble size on sparger configuration. It was found that bubble size was positively correlated with the chamber volume and the orifice size, while a nonlinear relationship was observed with the plate thickness. Besides, it was found that flotation recovery decreased over increasing bubble size when changing the sparger configuration. The results indicated that sparger configuration exhibited a significant effect on flotation performance via influencing bubble size when oscillatory air supply was applied.

Efficacy of Seven Commercial Household Aerosol Insecticides and Formulation-Dependent Toxicity Against Asian Tiger Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)

For the indoor and outdoor pest controls, various types of insecticide formulations are available including aerosols, sprays, electric vaporizers, mosquito coils, and traps. In the present study, the insecticidal activity of aerosols, the most commonly used formulation of household insecticides for mosquito control, against Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was assessed using seven commercial products and some attributes which can affect the efficacy of aerosol were investigated as well. The products had difference in their chemical composition of active ingredients, propellant/liquid phase ratios, solvent types, and nozzle orifice sizes, and these characteristics seem to affect the overall insecticidal activity. In general, solvent type dominantly determined the insecticidal activity, where four products in oil-based solvent system showed greater mortality (97.5% in average) than water-based aerosols (38.3% in average) against the mosquitoes located at the far side of the test chamber. The contribution of solvent type and nozzle orifice size were further examined with the sample aerosols, and the orifice size were determined more influential to the spray distance. Regardless of solvent types, the sample products attached to a bigger actuator (0.96 mm in diameter) showed greater knock-down activity (&gt;98%) than the smaller ones (0.48 mm, 62.5% in average) to the back panel in the chamber. On the other hand, solvent system significantly affected the residual activity, as the oil-based and water-based aerosols showed 2.3- and 4.8-fold decrease in KT50 values, respectively, between 1 and 10 min after the spray.