The debate concerning the origin of the Whin Sill of northeast England during the early and mid-19th century

The term sill nowadays employed for a broadly concordant igneous intrusion is widely believed to have been derived from the local term for persistent hard beds in the Carboniferous sequence of Northeast England, in particular the Whin Sill. Despite the intrusive origin of the Whin having been demonstrated in Teesdale by Sedgwick in 1827, for much of the 19th Century the alternative extrusive hypothesis, of which Phillips (1836) was the principal proponent, was widely favoured. There were three principal reasons why the intrusive origin was not more widely held, unquestioning acceptance of the erroneous belief of local miners that the Whin Sill was always at the same stratigraphical horizon, a perception that the Teesdale outcrops were not necessarily typical of the rest of the region and a reluctance to accept that the intrusion of such large volumes of magma over such a great area was physically possible. In the 1870s, first the work of Tate and then the detailed six-inch to one-mile mapping of the Geological Survey finally dispelled any notion that the sill was at a consistent stratigraphical level. Curiously, though the correct determination of the intrusive origin of the Whin Sill was one of Sedgwick's earliest and greatest achievements in Northern England, it was not deemed of sufficient importance to merit mention by his biographers.

COMMUNICATION UNDERGRADUATE DEGREES: BETWEEN THE SEARCH FOR EXCELLENCE, THE CONCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY AND THE MARKET DICTATORSHIP

We’ll argument in this paper that the area of undergraduate studies that we can consider as belonging to the great area of the communication sciences and, in particular, those areas that have as one of their purposes also the professional training in Corporate Communications / Public Relations, seem to be navigating in a blurriness of both theoretical constructs and purposes, as well as a lack of public recognition. Moreover, it will be argued that the main purpose underlying all definitions should be the old idea from the Enlightenment that the mission of undergraduate studies is, before and above all, the shaping of rational and responsible citizens.

Enhancing the Bearing Capacity of Pond Ash Soil by Inducing Stone Columns

As all of us know that ash pond deposits consist of large compressiblity,less bearing power,that is why large amount of these weak land sections gets abandoned or squandered.These slumy areas have less tangential shear force. As we know our country population is growing day by day.In future ,it will become very difficult to acquire any piece of land for construction of buildings and any other engineering structures.Nowadays many improvement methods for these low quality soils are implementedwhich makes them fit for use for common practices which can be carried out by these soils.As ,this is great area of concern for many highly standard people and other common organisations .On one side growing population with rapid increase and other side lot of sections of land gets trapped up under these ash deposits.A lot of studies and observations have been evaluated about inducing stone columns at plastic Cohesive soils.But yet no such works or observations have been implemented on these weak deposits.So in current study our main efforts relies upon testing these weak deposits of soil individually and after getting upon results from them,we try to observe these weak soils on treating them with some segments of fresh stones and then observe the variations and differences between first and second stages of these testing programmes.

An overview of the establishment and strength of the Shir and Khurshid of Timurid governance system

Following the Mongol era and the instability of the llkhanis, Amo river areas and Transoxiana saw a favorable situation to turn into a great empire. Amir Timur Gorkani who had established himself as a person with great military intelligence in Transoxiana, gathered his loyal forces and with his resolution and valor founded a government that made many people from east to the west fear even by hearing his name. Timurid banners were designed with pictures of a lion and the sun that were associated with tyranny and light. This government unique characteristics had enabled it to stabilize its dominance over a great area after a short period of time. In order to recognize Timurian strong foundation, its governance must be studied. In the scope of research purposes, library methods and analyzing authentic sources of timurd authors have been used. Military arrangements based on Genghis Khan’s yasai and use of public fear for conquering different areas, an economical – governmental system compatible with the situation of the time, appointing competent and reliable people for governmental posts and integrating a Mongol and Islamic government in itself answered all governmental necessities. Of course, Timur was a Muslim himself but one of those Muslims who allotted most of his time for life and governance. Forced immigration of artesian to the government’s favored areas made Samarkand and Bukhara to be considered among the best cities of the world. In this work it has been tried to study Amir Timur’s governance for political, economic and military stability using authentic academic resources.

Inferential structures in old Romanian. The conditional and the concessive

The present study aims to highlight the fact that the conditional and concessive periods are two forms of manifestation of the hypothetical-deductive reasoning at the level of natural language. The evolution of the connectors has been described in diachrony, sometimes with the emphasis of the interference zones, with the semantic values imposed by the modal component of the predicativity and by the contextual determinism. The evolutionary analysis of the connectors has highlighted the fact that the old Romanian language, in order to impose the concessive procedural meaning, owns, like the other Romanic languages, a great area of creativity, but, unlike them, it also exercises its conservative character. The conception of the two syntactic relations as variants of the same system, studies the stylistic projection (the paradox and the oxymoron), the semantic and formal relation of the connectors and the implication of the adversative coordinating connectives in the polarization of the oppositions in the old Romanian language.

Overview of cycling tourism in the Pomeranian voivodship

Pomeranian Voivodship thanks to the diversity of nature and terrain - the plains in Żuławy, hills in Kashubia, is a great area for cycling tourism. Pomeranian voivodship offers bicycle routes for both professional cyclists and those who cycle on a recreational trip. Cycling in this province has been developing very rapidly in recent years through the construction of new bicycle paths, organizing events for cyclists such as cycling critical mass, or improving existing road infrastructure, so as to minimize the risk of cyclists from other road users. This article reviews the existing bicycle routes in the Pomeranian Voivodship.

Influence of the rock bridge in the roof of the developed space on the loading and deformation of stooks

The main regularities of deformation and loading of the stook during creation of the developed space with the great area of a side job are considered in the article. The possibility of formation of the set of balance among the stook barriers is estimated. The assessment of influence of rock "bridge" on the stook loading is given.

KERJASAMA, HARMONI, DAN KESELARASAN SOSIAL DALAM KEAGAMAAN MASYARAKAT PAPUA BARAT

This paper identifies three pillar of society in great area of Sorong. West Papua reflects a cooperation and harmony on religious encounter. They live in multicultural society. In addition, this situation is living as religiosity practice. This paper discusses the condition on West Papua and its exercise to understanding others. On the other hand, there are dissimilarities and differences on daily life.

Harmoni Sosial Dalam Keberagaman Dan Keberagamaan Masyarakat Minoritas Muslim Papua Barat

AbstrakPapua Barat menjadi wilayah dimana keberagamaan dan keberagaman mengalami perjumpaan dengan etnisitas. Untuk itu, diperlukan sebuah eksplorasi untuk mengidentifikasi tentang keberadaan agama sebagai aspek yang mempersatukan. Dengan demikian, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan agama yang menjadi pilihan pribadi masyarakat Papua Barat. Pada saat yang sama, justru agama juga menjadi perekat kehidupan masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Sorong Raya, Papua Barat. Wawancara mendalam dan pengamatan tidak berpartisipasi digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Untuk kepentingan triangulasi data dilakukan diskusi terarah, termasuk penyajian hasil penelitian awal melalui forum diskusi sebanyak dua kali. Artikel ini mendiskusikan perjumpaan agama-agama melahirkan harmoni dan kebersamaan. Keberadaan agama justru menjadi bagian yang tidak menjadi pembeda. Bahkan dalam beberapa hal, kegiatan keagamaan dijadikan sebagai kegiatan bersama walaupun berbeda-beda agama. Akhirnya, artikel ini mendiskusikan beberapa hal berkaitan dengan budaya yang juga tetap memberikan ruang bagi perbedaan-perbedaan dalam memilih keyakinan masing-masing.AbstractWest Papua is region where diversity and religiosity encounter with ethnicity. Therefore, it is a need to explore to identify on religion existence as an aspect to unite. In addition, this article will analyses religious variety which private choose of West Papua community. In the same time, religion is a adhesive of community life. This research was conducted in great area of Sorong, West Papua. In-depth interview and non-participant observation were employed to collect data. Triangulation technique was conducted through focus group discussion twice. This article discusses religions encounters in order to strengthen harmony and togetherness. Agama existence is a part of unity which not a difference. Moreover, in some cases, religious activities are activity together even thought they choose different religion. Finally, this article discusses some subjects in line with culture to provide space for difference in choosing each faith.