Kuwaiti Students’ Achievements in Mathematics: Findings From the TIMSS Assessments: Reality and Reasons

Kuwait, has participated in international TIMSS test for many years, however, there has been little systematic effort to compile and assess changes between genders. This study attempts to look at the results of Kuwaiti students on the TIMSS mathematics assessments in general and according to gender in particular and the views of supervisors on the relatively low performance of Kuwaiti students. The study employed a mixed method approach in which data analysis of test results, IEA-issued documents, and statistics and official reports were used. Two focus group interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of nine educational supervisors from mathematics and science. The results show that the performance of Kuwaiti students in both the fourth and eighth grades was extremely low on the TIMSS mathematics assessments in general and in content areas in particular, since the first participation in 1995, even though the performance of eighth graders showed a slight improvement in 2015 in all areas. The TIMSS results also show that the higher the level of thinking that was assessed, the lower the performance of Kuwaiti students was. The data indicate that throughout all years, Kuwaiti girls outperformed boys, considering the slight improvement especially in 2015, yet both performances lagged behind international norms. Focus group transcript analysis reveals that supervisors perceived that students’ low performance on the TIMSS assessment test is related to a number of reasons as lack of interest in TIMSS test, unfamiliarity with TIMSS questions, and students’ weakness in the Arabic language. The paper concludes the need to systematically evaluate the TIMSS results, and develop interventions and a competent national curriculum in Kuwait.

Forty Years of Mathematics Education: 1980-2019

The purpose of this study is to establish the evolution and expose the trends of research in mathematics education between 1980 and 2019. The bibliometric analysis of the articles in Web of Science database indicated four-clustered structure. The first cluster covers the items related to the theoretical framework of mathematics education whereas the second cluster has the terms defining the methods for effective mathematics instruction. The third cluster includes the concepts interrelated to mathematics education while the fourth cluster encloses the studies about international mathematics assessments. The earlier studies look mathematics education mostly in students’ perspective and investigates generalization, restructuring, interiorization and representation. Between 1995 and 2010, curriculum and teacher-related factors were dominant in mathematics education studies. After 2010, the articles investigated specific topics and carried the traces from all stakeholders in mathematics education. The investigation on the trends of mathematics education would provide gain insight about the areas that need more research, contribute to the researchers, teachers, students and policy makers in this field and light the way ‎for further studies.

Item Characteristic Curve Asymmetry: A Better Way to Accommodate Slips and Guesses Than a Four-Parameter Model?

Four-parameter models have received increasing psychometric attention in recent years, as a reduced upper asymptote for item characteristic curves can be appealing for measurement applications such as adaptive testing and person-fit assessment. However, applications can be challenging due to the large number of parameters in the model. In this article, we demonstrate in the context of mathematics assessments how the slip and guess parameters of a four-parameter model may often be empirically related. This observation also has a psychological explanation to the extent that both asymptote parameters may be manifestations of a single item complexity characteristic. The relationship between lower and upper asymptotes motivates the consideration of an asymmetric item response theory model as a three-parameter alternative to the four-parameter model. Using actual response data from mathematics multiple-choice tests, we demonstrate the empirical superiority of a three-parameter asymmetric model in several standardized tests of mathematics. To the extent that a model of asymmetry ultimately portrays slips and guesses not as purely random but rather as proficiency-related phenomena, we argue that the asymmetric approach may also have greater psychological plausibility.

Using process data to understand problem-solving strategies and processes for drag-and-drop items in a large-scale mathematics assessment

In 2017, the mathematics assessments that are part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) program underwent a transformation shifting the administration from paper-and-pencil formats to digitally-based assessments (DBA). This shift introduced new interactive item types that bring rich process data and tremendous opportunities to study the cognitive and behavioral processes that underlie test-takers’ performances in ways that are not otherwise possible with the response data alone. In this exploratory study, we investigated the problem-solving processes and strategies applied by the nation’s fourth and eighth graders by analyzing the process data collected during their interactions with two technology-enhanced drag-and-drop items (one item for each grade) included in the first digital operational administration of the NAEP’s mathematics assessments. Results from this research revealed how test-takers who achieved different levels of accuracy on the items engaged in various cognitive and metacognitive processes (e.g., in terms of their time allocation, answer change behaviors, and problem-solving strategies), providing insights into the common mathematical misconceptions that fourth- and eighth-grade students held and the steps where they may have struggled during their solution process. Implications of the findings for educational assessment design and limitations of this research are also discussed.

Impact of Teachers’ Gender and Self-Efficacy on End of Year Elementary Students Mathematics Assessments in Rural South Texas Schools

The purposes of this study were to compare grade 3 math achievement based on gender of teacher and to investigate if teacher self-efficacy predicts grade 3 math achievement. This study was framed around the concept of teacher self-efficacy. An independent sample t-test revealed that teacher gender made a substantive difference in the outcome of students who met grade level standards for grade 3 2018 STAAR math. A bivariate linear regression showed that self-efficacy for teaching mathematics at the elementary level did not predict the proportion of students who met grade level standards for grade 3 2018 STAAR math. Results indicated that neither gender nor self-efficacy of rural south Texas elementary teachers significantly impact the proportions of students who met grade level standards.

Making the grade: supporting mathematics students in understanding the use of grade-based marking criteria for assessments

Grade-based marking criteria are used widely in humanities subjects, and also in some areas of the sciences. In many mathematics assessments, individual marks are clearly allocated for specific elements of working in calculations, computations or theoretical arguments. This case study will document the use of grade-based marking criteria for assessments in a final year mathematics module at a mainstream UK university. The module has the development of professional skills for mathematics as the central focus and the assessment tasks take the form of written reports and oral presentations. This paper will describe formative group tasks set in the initials weeks of the module to introduce students to the grade-based marking criteria, and to provide students with experience of using the criteria themselves. The success of these initiatives in developing student appreciation for the use of the assessment criteria will be discussed, along with ideas for the future based on student responses to the activities.

Creating mathematics formative assessments using LaTeX, PDF forms and computer algebra

Formative assessment benefits both students and teaching academics. In particular, formative assessment in mathematics subjects enables both students and teaching academics to assess individual performance and understanding through students’ responses. Over the last decade, educational technologies and learning management systems (LMSs) are used to support formative assessment design. In mathematics, this is problematic because of the inflexibility of LMS and educational technology tools. Automating formative assessment generation and marking to support mathematics learning is made possible by utilising specific software and technologies in new ways. This paper proposes a new method of creating mathematics formative assessments using LaTeX and PDF forms in conjunction with a computer algebra system (e.g., Maple), independent of an LMS. This method is implemented in undergraduate mathematics subjects servicing non-mathematics–focused higher education courses. The method generates individualised assessments that are automatically marked. Results show that the method provides the teaching academic with a more efficient way of designing formative mathematics assessments without compromising the effectiveness of the assessment task. This study contributes to the growing research on mathematics in higher education. The implication is an increased understanding of how existing technology, implemented in new ways, can potentially benefit both mathematics students and teaching academics.