Limits of acceptable change for sustainable management of the Pelawan Biodiversity Park, Bangka Belitung Islands

Indonesia is a country of immense biodiversity, however the natural environment is under pressure because of competing economic needs of the large population. Limits of Acceptable Change is a management strategy which acknowledges that any use of an area brings environmental change and best outcomes are achieved if all stakeholders are involved in the process. LAC was applied to develop a management strategy for Pelawan Biodiversity Park, Bangka Belitung. This reserve existsfor the preservation of endemic flora and fauna and is also utilised by local communities so there exists the potential for conflict of interests. This research was conducted March - April 2021. Through direct observation and interviews with all stakeholders, the LAC process was used to identify the reserve’s environmental and cultural values, and the goals held by each of the stakeholders. The results obtained indicate that the primary values assigned to the park are culture and economy, ecology and conservation, education and research, as well as tourism and ecotourism. Some activities of the communities both within and in the surrounding area have direct negative impacts on the environment in the park, including horticulture, tin mining, palm oil, poaching, over-exploitation of pelawan mushroom and honey, as well as tourist activities. After analysing the potential zoning for all activities, three usage zones were proposed to maximise conservation and facilitate economic sustainability for local communities. Specific management strategies for each zone are proposed together with indicators and standards of environmental change. Practical next steps are proposed for community wide consultation and implementation of management practices.

CAPACIDADE DE VISITAÇÃO EM UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO: REVISÃO SOBRE AS METODOLOGIAS DE ESTIMAÇÃO

As áreas naturais protegidas são reconhecidas como a melhor estratégia para a preservação dos recursos naturais e também para a manutenção dos processos ecológicos, capazes de gerar inúmeras contribuições à sociedade, dentre elas o bem-estar. A partir do aumento do turismo em Unidades de Conservação (UCs) e dos impactos negativos causados por esta atividade, tornou-se necessário um planejamento que ordene a visitação e promova a sustentabilidade do ecossistema, conciliando assim o desenvolvimento e a conservação do ambiente. Deste modo, os objetivos do estudo foram levantar e caracterizar diferentes metodologias de estimação da capacidade de visitação em UCs apresentadas pela literatura. Foram levantadas oito principais metodologias, Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC), Visitor Impact Management (VIM), Visitor Activity Management Process (VAMP), Método Cifuentes, Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP), Tourism Optimization Management Model (TOMM), Sustainable Recreation and Tourism (SRT) e Rol de Oportunidades de Visitação em Unidades de Conservação (ROVUC). O SRT foi identificado, mas não discutido em função de carência de informações. Os resultados apontaram que não é possível apontar uma metodologia mais eficiente ou adequada, visto que a adoção e aplicação destas metodologias levam em conta as características do meio, como o contexto da localidade, o acesso às áreas de preservação, a caracterização das atividades desenvolvidas por visitantes, entre outros fatores. Entretanto, este estudo apresenta um orientativo a respeito das metodologias de visitação existentes e que podem ser adotadas em UCs.

No Limits of Acceptable Change: A Proposed Research Framework for Informing Visitor Use Management in the Context of Cultural Resources

Cultural resources are commonly defined as resources that provide material evidence of past human activities. These resources are unique, as they are both finite and non-renewable. This provides a challenge for traditional visitor use management since these resources have no limits of acceptable change. However, with nearly every national park in the US containing cultural resources, coupled with ever-growing visitation, it is essential that managers of parks and protected areas have the ability to make science-informed decisions about cultural resources in the context of visitor use management. We propose a framework that can help provide context and exploration for these challenges. Drawing on previous literature, this framework includes risk-based approaches to decision making about visitor use; visitor cognitions related to cultural resources; emotions, mood, and affect related to cultural resource experiences; creating and evaluating interpretive programs; deviant visitor behaviors related to cultural resources; and co-management.

HAD-HAD PERUBAHAN BOLEH DITERIMA DALAM PELANCONGAN : SATU TINJAUAN TEORI DAN KONSEPTUAL

Had perubahan boleh diterima (Limits of acceptable change - LAC) dalam pelancongan adalah satu metod dalam menentukan tahap perubahan yang mampu ditampung di sesebuah destinasi pelancongan. Pada Januari 1985, LAC diterbitkan oleh Forest Service dan dilaksanakan buat kali pertama pada 1 April 1987 terhadap kompleks hutan belantara Bob Marshall. Pada mulanya, konsep ini direka untuk diaplikasikan dalam sistem hutan belantara Amerika Syarikat bagi pengurusan yang lebih baik berikutan peningkatan permintaan serta kesan daripada pendaki dan backpacker. Proses ini menilai kesan yang berlaku semasa aktiviti, mengukur perubahan yang akan diterima, memantau apa yang berlaku secara sistematik dan teratur dan menentukan tindakan yang sesuai dan dipersetujui oleh beberapa pihak berkepentingan selepas perbincangan. LAC berbeza dengan kapasiti daya tampung (caryying capacity) kerana konsep kapasiti daya tampung itu sendiri hanya memfokuskan kepada perspektif biofizikal manakala LAC lebih menggalakkan perbincangan, menimbulkan pendapat dan cadangan daripada orang awam dan pihak pengurusan. Ia dianggap sistem yang terbaik dalam menyelesaikan sesuatu isu di lokasi pelancongan. Justeru, artikel ini akan meneliti konsep dan langkah-langkah dalam menyelesaikan isu berdasarkan sistem LAC ini. Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) in tourism is a method in determining the level of change that can be accommodated in a tourist destination. In January 1985, the LAC was issued by the Forest Service and was first implemented on April 1, 1987 on the Bob Marshall wilderness complex. Initially, it was designed to be applied in the United States wilderness system for better management following increased demand and impact from climbers and backpackers. This process assesses the impact that occurs during the activity, measures the changes that will be received, monitors what is happening systematically and determines the appropriate action and agreed by several stakeholders after discussion. LAC differs from caryying capacity because the concept of carrying capacity itself only focuses on biophysical perspectives while LAC is more encouraging discussion, raising opinions and suggestions from the public and management. It is considered the best system in resolving an issue at a tourist location. Thus, this paper will examine the concepts and steps in resolving issues based on this LAC system.

Implications of environmental trajectories for Limits of Acceptable Change: a case study of the Riverland Ramsar site, South Australia

The Riverland Ramsar site in south-eastern Australia has Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) derived on the basis of hydrological regimes and vegetation requirements. This study evaluated LAC for the site against trajectories of environmental change including increasing river regulation and changing climate. The study identified a high likelihood of exceedances of the LAC from changed hydrologic regime and also from changing climate, with the combined influences increasing the likelihood of breaches. Regional climatic variations in the past call into question the concept of baseline conditions for this site and elsewhere, and suggest that management plans based on ecological variation around a point in time will be insufficient. Vulnerability assessment, adaptation enhancement, and regular reviews of site condition and regional significance are suggested components for future management of Ramsar sites.