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Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Min-Jee Kim ◽  
Jeong-Sun Park ◽  
Hyeongmin Kim ◽  
Seong-Ryul Kim ◽  
Seong-Wan Kim ◽  
...  

We report 37 mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences of Bombyx mori strains (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) and four of B. mandarina individuals, each preserved and collected, respectively, in South Korea. These mitogenome sequences combined with 45 public data showed a substantial genetic reduction in B. mori strains compared to the presumed ancestor B. mandarina, with the highest diversity detected in the Chinese origin B. mori. Chinese B. mandarina were divided into northern and southern groups, concordant to the Qinling–Huaihe line, and the northern group was placed as an immediate progenitor of monophyletic B. mori strains in phylogenetic analyses, as has previously been detected. However, one individual that was in close proximity to the south Qinling–Huaihe line was exceptional, belonging to the northern group. The enigmatic South Korean population of B. mandarina, which has often been regarded as a closer genetic group to Japan, was most similar to the northern Chinese group, evidencing substantial gene flow between the two regions. Although a substantial genetic divergence is present between B. mandarina in southern China and Japan, a highly supported sister relationship between the two regional populations may suggest the potential origin of Japanese B. mandarina from southern China instead of the Korean peninsula.


Author(s):  
Gratiana Linyor Ndamsah

The objective of this paper is to examine the extent to which verbal extensions in Limbum affect valency. Limbum is a Grassfield Bantu language of the Northern group, spoken by the population who occupy a greater part of the Nkambe plateau in Donga-Mantung Division of the North West Region of Cameroon Binan Bikoi (ed) (2012). To attain my set objective, I carry out an analysis of those affixes (in the case of Limbum, they are suffixes), which are usually attached to verbs and the effect the addition of these suffixes has on the number of arguments in the sentence. Some of these suffixes have a valency decreasing effect, while some have a valency increasing effect on the verbs. The orientation of the discussions here centres on the description of the morpho-syntactic structure of the Limbum verb. In this regard, the analysis herein draws inspiration from the theory of Valency as proposed by Tesnière in 1959 and his followers and the Structuralist Framework as propounded by De Saussure and his disciples who hold that linguistic unit: words, phrases and sentences are perceived as a concatenation of smaller units which hold a close relationship between them. The structure of the Limbum sentence containing verbal extensions that express aspectual meanings have three consequences on the number of arguments that the verb takes: the discussions here show that, while the morphemes -ri, -Si, and -se marking the attenuative, the pluractional, and the distributive aspects respectively have no effect on the number of arguments taken by the verb to which they are suffixed, the causative morpheme -si, has a  valency increasing effect on the verb to which it is affixed. In the same light, the reciprocative -ni, the separative -ti and the iterative -Nger, when suffixed to a verb, have the tendency of increasing the number of arguments that the verb takes. In a bid to clarify the structural cartography of verbal extensions in Limbum, the last part of this paper is dedicated to a presentation of some suffixes like -ri and -si, which has, with the evolution of the language, fossilized with the verb root to the extent that they have become an integral part of the verb in a way that they cannot be detached from each other. Conclusively, the paper shows that verbal extensions in Limbum are, for the most part, suffixal morphemes. While some of these suffixes have no effect on the number of arguments the verb subcategorizes for, some have a valency decreasing effect on the verb while others, on the other hand, have a valency increasing effect. Others have outrightly merged with the verb root.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Sangster ◽  
Kim Manzon Cancino ◽  
Robert O. Hutchinson

Abstract Background The Savanna Nightjar (Caprimulgus affinis) is a widespread, polytypic species which was previously treated as two or three species. It is currently treated as a single species based on superficial similarity of their songs but no detailed comparisons of the songs in this complex have been made. Methods A total of 15 acoustic variables were measured for the songs of 86 individuals representing 8 of the 10 subspecies in the complex. Results Three major groups can be distinguished based on univariate and multivariate analyses: a northern group consisting of the subspecies C. a. monticolus, C. a. amoyensis and C. a. stictomus; a southern group consisting of C. a. affinis, C. a. kasuidori, C. a. timorensis and C. a. propinquus; and a third group in the Philippines consisting of C. a. griseatus. Conclusions It is here argued that these groups are best treated as species, and that Franklin’s Nightjar (C. monticolus) and Kayumanggi Nightjar (C. griseatus) are reinstated as separate species.


2021 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
М.С.-Э. БАШИРОВ ◽  
Э.Х. ХАСМАГОМАДОВ

В публикуемой статье рассматривается вопрос взаимного проникновения и исторических контактов населения приграничных областей Чечни и Дагестана – Гумбета, Анди и Салатавии. В исследовании приводится ряд документальных, нарративных (рукописи) и этнографических источников, позволяющих более тщательно взглянуть на вопрос этногенеза обществ указанных историко-географических областей. Кроме того, выявляется закономерность, согласно которой в пространстве между реками Аргун и Кара-Койсу (приток Сулака) распространен целый ряд топонимов и общин, чьи названия обнаруживают основу гун / хун / хон, что, как это видно из источников, увязывается с кавказскими гуннами, или хонами. Также в контексте затронутой проблематики указывается на движение этнических масс с запада (Нашха, Шубут и т.д.) и юга (Ичкерия) в область Анди и далее – в Салатавию через область Гумбет. Проводится попытка определить время возникновения аула Анди, а также выявить общества и личности, принявшие участие в основании села и выступившие в качестве этнического субстрата, по крайней мере, северной группы андийских поселений и тохумов. Отмечается роль Унсура (Энсура), его братьев Баши и Араша, а также владетелей Ануша и Харчи-хана, принявших первого в андийской котловине после его исхода «из селения Шубут» вследствие произошедшего кровопролития. На основании разностороннего анализа, с привлечением архивных материалов авторами указывается на участие общин Дишний, Гуной, Вашандарой, Харачой, Беной, Зумсой и др. в качестве субстрата при формировании североандийских поселений, а также их частичной миграции в Салатавию. The published article examines the issue of mutual penetration and historical contacts of the population of the border regions of Chechnya and Dagestan - Gumbet, Andi and Salatavia. The study provides a number of documentary, narrative (manuscripts) and ethnographic sources that allow a more thorough look at the issue of the ethnogenesis of societies in these historical and geographical areas. In addition, a pattern is revealed according to which a number of toponyms and communities are widespread in the space between the Argun and Kara-Koisu rivers (a tributary of the Sulak), whose names reveal the basis of the Gun / Hun / Khon, which, as can be seen from the sources, is associated with the Caucasian Huns , or hons. Also, in the context of the problems touched upon, the movement of ethnic masses from the west (Nashkha, Shubut, etc.) and south (Ichkeria) to the Andi region and further to Salatavia through the Gumbet region is indicated. An attempt is made to determine the time of the emergence of the Andi aul, as well as to identify the societies and individuals who took part in the founding of the village and acted as an ethnic substratum, at least, of the northern group of Andean settlements and Tohums. The role of Unsur (Ensur), his brothers Bashi and Arash, as well as the rulers of Anush and Kharchi-khan, who took the first in the Andean basin after his exodus “from the village of Shubut” due to the bloodshed, is noted. Based on a multifaceted analysis, with the involvement of archival materials, the authors point out the participation of the communities of Dishny, Guna, Washandara, Kharacha, Benoy, Zumsoy, etc. as a substrate in the formation of North Indian settlements, as well as their partial migration to Salatavia.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Zhao ◽  
Fangyuan Qu ◽  
Na Song ◽  
Zhiqiang Han ◽  
Tianxiang Gao ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Understanding the genetic structure and local adaptive evolutionary mechanisms of marine organisms is crucial for the conservation and management of biological resources. Collichthys lucidus is an ideal candidate for investigating population differentiation and local adaptation under heterogeneous environmental pressure. Results: To elucidate the fine-scale genetic structure and local thermal adaptation of C. lucidus, we performed restriction site-associated DNA tag sequencing (RAD-seq) of 177 individuals from 8 populations, and a total of 184,708 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. All the results revealed significant population structure with high support for two distinct genetic clusters, namely, the northern group (populations DL, TJ, LYG, NT, ZS, and WZ) and southern group (populations XM and ZH). The genetic diversity of the southern group was evidently lower than that of the northern group, which indicated that the southern group was possibly under climate-driven natural selection. In addition, a total of 314 SNPs were found to be significantly associated with temperature variation. Annotations of temperature-related SNPs suggested that genes involved in material (protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) metabolism and immune responses were critical for adaptation to spatially heterogeneous temperatures in natural C. lucidus populations. Conclusion: In the context of anthropogenic activities and environmental change, the results of the present population genomic work could make important contributions to the understanding of genetic differentiation and adaptation to changing environments.


Author(s):  
Tomas Riad ◽  
Jörg Peters

The Continental Germanic languages fall into a northern group including Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish, and a western group including Dutch, High German, Low German, West Frisian, Afrikaans, and Yiddish. This chapter gives an overview of the lexical tone accent systems that are found in languages of both groups; these appear to be unrelated, in view of the variable conditioning. Central properties of the stress systems are summarized, as are the main features of the intonation systems. In general, it would appear that intonation is more varied in the Continental West Germanic languages and its tonal varieties than in the Continental North Germanic languages.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongning Zhao ◽  
Neil Heideman ◽  
Phillip Bester ◽  
Adriaan Jordaan ◽  
Margaretha D. Hofmeyr

Abstract Background Climatic and topographic changes function as key drivers in shaping genetic structure and cladogenic radiation in many organisms. Southern Africa has an exceptionally diverse tortoise fauna, harbouring one-third of the world’s tortoise genera. The distribution of Psammobates tentorius (Kuhl, 1820) covers two of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world, the Succulent Karoo and Cape Floristic Region. The highly diverged P. tentorius represents an excellent model species for exploring biogeographic and radiation patterns of reptiles in Southern Africa. Results We investigated genetic structure and radiation patterns against temporal and spatial dimensions since the Miocene in the Psammobates tentorius species complex, using multiple types of DNA markers and niche modelling analyses. Cladogenesis in P. tentorius started in the late Miocene (11.63–5.33 Ma) when populations dispersed from north to south to form two geographically isolated groups. The northern group diverged into a clade north of the Orange River (OR), followed by the splitting of the group south of the OR into a western and an interior clade. The latter divergence corresponded to the intensification of the cold Benguela current, which caused western aridification and rainfall seasonality. In the south, tectonic uplift and subsequent exhumation, together with climatic fluctuations seemed responsible for radiations among the four southern clades since the late Miocene. We found that each clade occurred in a habitat shaped by different climatic parameters, and that the niches differed substantially among the clades of the northern group but were similar among clades of the southern group. Conclusion Climatic shifts, and biome and geographic changes were possibly the three major driving forces shaping cladogenesis and genetic structure in Southern African tortoise species. Our results revealed that the cladogenesis of the P. tentorius species complex was probably shaped by environmental cooling, biome shifts and topographic uplift in Southern Africa since the late Miocene. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have impacted the distribution of P. tentorius substantially. We found the taxonomic diversify of the P. tentorius species complex to be highest in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. All seven clades discovered warrant conservation attention, particularly Ptt-B–Ptr, Ptt-A and Pv-A.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongning Zhao ◽  
Neil Heideman ◽  
Phillip Bester ◽  
Adriaan Jordaan ◽  
Margaretha D. Hofmeyr

Abstract Background: Climatic and topographic changes function as key drivers in shaping genetic structure and cladogenic radiation in many organisms. Southern Africa has an exceptionally diverse tortoise fauna, harbouring one-third of the world’s tortoise genera. The distribution of Psammobates tentorius (Kuhl, 1820) covers two of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world, the Succulent Karoo and Cape Floristic Region. The highly diverged P. tentorius represents an excellent model species for exploring biogeographic and radiation patterns of reptiles in Southern Africa.Results: We investigated genetic structure and radiation patterns against temporal and spatial dimensions since the Miocene in the Psammobates tentorius species complex, using multiple types of DNA markers and niche modelling analyses. Cladogenesis in P. tentorius started in the late Miocene (11.63–5.33 Ma) when populations dispersed from north to south to form two geographically isolated groups. The northern group diverged into a clade north of the Orange River (OR), followed by the splitting of the group south of the OR into a western and an interior clade. The latter divergence corresponded to the intensification of the cold Benguela current, which caused western aridification and rainfall seasonality. In the south, tectonic uplift and subsequent exhumation, together with climatic fluctuations seemed responsible for radiations among the four southern clades since the late Miocene. We found that each clade occurred in a habitat shaped by different climatic parameters, and that the niches differed substantially among the clades of the northern group but were similar among clades of the southern group. Conclusion: Climatic shifts, and biome and geographic changes were possibly the three major driving forces shaping cladogenesis and genetic structure in Southern African tortoise species. Our results revealed that the cladogenesis of the P. tentorius species complex was probably shaped by environmental cooling, biome shifts and topographic uplift in Southern Africa since the late Miocene. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have impacted the distribution of P. tentorius substantially. We found the taxonomic diversify of the P. tentorius species complex to be highest in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. All seven clades discovered warrant conservation attention, particularly Ptt-B–Ptr, Ptt-A and Pv-A.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongning Zhao ◽  
Neil Heideman ◽  
Phillip Bester ◽  
Adriaan Jordaan ◽  
Margaretha D. Hofmeyr

Abstract Background Climatic and topographic changes function as key drivers in shaping genetic structure and cladogenic radiation in many organisms. Southern Africa has an exceptionally diverse tortoise fauna, harbouring one-third of the world’s tortoise genera. The distribution of Psammobates tentorius (Kuhl, 1820) covers two of the 25 biodiversity hotspots of in the world, the Succulent Karoo and Cape Floristic Region. The highly diverged P. tentorius represents an excellent model species for exploring biogeographic and radiation patterns of reptiles in Southern Africa.Results We investigated genetic structure and radiation patterns against temporal and spatial dimensions since the Miocene in the Psammobates tentorius species complex, using multiple types of DNA markers and niche modelling analyses. Cladogenesis in P. tentorius started in the late Miocene (11.63–5.33 Ma) when populations dispersed from north to south to form two geographically isolated groups. The northern group diverged into a clade north of the Orange River (OR), followed by the splitting of the group south of the OR into a western and an interior clade. The latter divergence corresponded to the intensification of the cold Benguela current, which caused western aridification and rainfall seasonality. In the south, tectonic uplift and subsequent exhumation, together with climatic fluctuations seemed responsible for radiations among the four southern clades since the late Miocene. We found that each clade occurred in a habitat shaped by different climatic parameters, and that the niches differed substantially among the clades of the northern group but were similar among clades of the southern group. Conclusion Climatic shifts, and biome and geographic changes were possibly the three major driving forces shaping cladogenesis and genetic structure in Southern African tortoise species. Our results revealed that the cladogenesis of the P. tentorius species complex was probably shaped by environmental cooling, biome shifts and topographic uplift in Southern Africa since the late Miocene. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have impacted the distribution of P. tentorius substantially. We found the taxonomic diversify of the P. tentorius species complex to be highest in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. All seven clades discovered warrant conservation attention, particularly Ptt-B–Ptr, Ptt-A and Pv-A.


Author(s):  
Paulina Pludra-Żuk

The article presents the state of research on the Franciscan Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals, composed during the second half of the fourteenth century by the Minister General of Aquitaine Arnald of Sarrano. The author pays particular attention the textual tradition, supplementing the information concerning the sixteen medieval copies of the chronicle hitherto discussed in the historical literature, with the presentation of further two manuscripts, both of which are of Polish provenance. These manuscripts, preserved at the Polish National Library in Warsaw (call nos.: BOZ 1114 and BN 8084), came into being towards the end of the fifteenth century, respectively in the Observantist monasteries of Koło and Sambor. A complete codicological description is furnished with analyses of text variations, which demonstrate that both the copies in question belong to the so called „northern” group, composed chiefly of manuscripts from Halle, Lviv, Vienna, and the copy preserved in the Bibliothèque Municipale in Strasbourg, but executed in Cracow. The presented evidence also demonstrates that the chronicle was popular among the Observantists, who in Poland were known as the Bernardines.


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