The Sharecropper’s Story and An Ethics for Environmentalism

The progress and now the danger of American Prosperity has relied on the treatment of the Earth as “land.” The story of “lands” around the Atlantic include people viewing the Earth as “Mother,” as “sacred,” and a gift, and as a thing. While the English Common Law treated land as property, the Latin/Roman view saw land as having a “social function.” This view seems implicit in the decision of freed Blacks after the Civil War to choose sharecropping over wages. They believed that “the tillers of the soil should be guaranteed possession of the land” (from the Creed of the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union). Returning to the sharecroppers’ desire opens the possibility of changing the current course of history by taking reciprocity or “balanced social relations” as our guiding star. Balancing social relations would entail reparations of unbalanced relations and sharing a city’s land wealth with all the city’s inhabitants.

Fresh Unionist Re-Appraisals of the History of Early Modern Ireland

Landowners were challenged both by political change and by historical arguments. Their contribution to debate took the form of county histories to illustrate how landowners had been responsible for improvement and communal leadership. These histories varied because the experience of no two counties was identical. However, most dated the introduction of civil order to the establishment of counties, they enumerated the ‘improvements’ introduced by individual proprietors, they decried absenteeism, and they rejoiced that sectarian strife had been kept at bay other than when it had been provoked by external provocateurs—usually Catholic clerics. George Hill, writing of Ulster counties, dissented from this narrative by attributing past disturbances to the unfair treatment accorded natives in the Ulster Plantation and to the indifference of principal landowners to communal welfare. For him, the bedrock of Ulster society was its Protestant tenant farmers and their willingness to co-operate with their Catholic counterparts.

Polarization of Profit Sharing of Paddy Cultivation in the Acehnese Community as an Attempt to Alleviate Poverty: A Study of Fiqh Muamalah

This study examines the polarization of profit sharing in paddy cultivation in the tradition of the people of Aceh as an effort to alleviate poverty. This study, as the empirical or juridical sociological legal research, examines the behavior of law or operation of law in society. The study uses fiqh muamalah approach and obtains data through interviews and literature study. This study concludes that the pattern of profit sharing on the cultivation of paddy fields is categorized into a muzāra’ah aqd, which has rules specified in fiqh muamalah and promotes mutual assistance. However, traditionally, the people of West Aceh, Pidie, and Aceh Jaya utilizing leasing in managing paddy fields tend not to fully operate in accordance with the muzāra’ah aqd. This is due to the operational costs needed for the management of the fields have to be provided by the tenant farmers without financial contributions from the landowners at all. This method can easily allow the landowners to exploit the labor of tenant farmers as the tenants do not have other options aside from cultivating the land. As a result, tenant farmers find it difficult to get out of the shackles of poverty. Therefore, it takes effort to help the farmers out of poverty. It is expected that the government plays a role in the forms of the provision of aids such as seeds, fertilizers, medicines, harvesting machines, and rice threshers, with the goal to reduce expenditure costs of management and thus, the farming revenue will increase and farmers’ well-being will be achieved.

Sharecropping arrangement in the contemporary agricultural economy of Ghana: A study of Techiman North District and Sefwi Wiawso Municipality, Ghana

The desire for plantation farms and the availability of fertile uncultivated lands coupled with the influx of migrant farmers into the plantation frontiers during the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries largely occasioned the emergence of the share cropping mechanism in the then Gold Coast. Using two districts in Ghana, this study examined sharecroppers land access mode in the contemporary agricultural economy of Ghana. Mixed methods research was used in this study and focused on sharecrop-tenants as well as the sharecrop-landlords as the key research respondents. The results show that across the two areas, abunu system of tenancy was the dominant sharecropping arrangement. The benefit share of the landlord has moved from one-third (1/3) per the traditional abusa tenant system to 50% under the modern abunu system for tree crop plantations. The tenant-farmers’ percentage share has, however, declined from 2/3 to ½ under the current abunu system and in some cases the sharing arrangement is restricted to the proceeds and not the land. Again, the tenants now have to make upfront monetary payment in order to access land, which was not the case in the past. The share tenancy arrangement is on an evolutionary trajectory towards equalizing entitlements to proceeds, in a manner that seems to disadvantage the tenant farmers and keep them in the cycle of tenancy. The study underscores the need for further research to fully understand the drivers of these variations and emerging trends of the sharecropping land access dynamics for an informed policy response.

How permanent were farms in the manorial system? Changes of farm occupancy in the nineteenth-century Russian Baltic Provinces of Estland and Livland

This article addresses how long tenant farmers in the Russian Baltic Provinces of Estland and Livland managed to occupy the farms and whether they transferred them within the family in the early phase of agricultural transformation (1841–1889). It contributes to the long-standing debate over the relative power of manorial lords and tenants in the (East Elbian) manorial system. Looking at individual-level data on the changes in tenantship on more than 1,000 farmsteads across 5 parishes, the article demonstrates the relative instability of tenant holdings and lack of independence in land transfers on noble manors.

Slaves and Peasants in the Era of Emancipation

From the middle of the eighteenth century until the late 1830s, the idea of enslaved people as “peasants” was a commonplace among both antislavery and proslavery writers and activists in Britain. Slaveholders, faced with antislavery attacks, argued that the people they claimed to own were not an exploited labor force but a contented peasantry. Abolitionists expressed the hope that after emancipation, freedpeople would become peasants. Yet the “peasants” invoked in these debates were not smallholders or tenant farmers but plantation laborers, either held in bondage or paid low wages. British abolitionists promoted institutions and ideas invented by slaveholders to defend the plantation system. The idea of a servile and grateful “peasant” plantation labor force became, for British abolitionists, a justification for the “civilization” and subordination of freedpeople.

Cost and Return Structure of Wheat Crop under Tenant Farmers in Punjab: A Field Survey

The present paper was designed to study the cost of cultivation and returns structure of wheat cultivation for the tenant as well as the owner farmers. The study was based on the primary data collected from 180 farmers (120 tenants and 60 owners), spread over all the major agro-climatic zones of Punjab pertaining to 2017-18. The result of the study revealed that cost of cultivation based on various cost concepts of wheat crop per hectare was slightly lower for tenant farmers in comparison to owner farmers. Cost A2 was found relatively higher in the case of owner farmers, as it include the actual rent paid for leased-in land along with all the operational cost. The returns overall cost concepts were found to be comparatively higher for tenant farmers in relation to owner farmers. The returns over Cost A2 were estimated ₹20360from wheat on tenant farmers as compared to₹68896on the owner farmers respectively. The return over Cost A2 reflects the returns for owned human labour for the tenant farmers. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen tenant farmers by ensuring an adequate size of holding, that is, operational landholding should be distributed uniformly among all farm groups on account of providing sustainable income and livelihood to all farmers.

PERBANDINGAN PENDAPATAN PETANI PADI SAWAH BERDASARKAN ETNIS DAN STATUS PENGUASAAN LAHAN DI DUMOGA KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the income of rice farmers based on: (1) land tenure status and (2) ethnicity in Dumoga Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Primary data collection in this study was in the form of data obtained from the results of direct interviews with farmers from each ethnic group of Bolaang-Mongondow, Minahasa, Bali and Java. Secondary data were obtained from documents from related institutions and journal articles and documents from libraries and the internet relating to the title of this study. Determination of the location of the study was done intentionally (purposive sampling) that is the area that is the center of the rice paddy plants. Sampling was done accidentally (accidently sampling) to the owner's farmers, tenant farmers, and tenant farmers based on land tenure and ethnicity status. Each ethnic of paddy rice farmers in the location was taken by 15 respondents so that the total number of respondents from all ethnic groups was 60 respondent farmers. The calculated variables are land area, total production, fixed costs and variable costs, revenue and income. To analyze the comparison of rice income based on ethnicity and land tenure status of rice farmers. Data analysis in the form of acceptance, income and descriptive analysis. The results showed the largest amount of income based on the status of land ownership owned by farmers in each ethnic owner. The biggest income based on ethnicity is owned by rice farmers who come from Ethnic Mongondow.*eprm*