Dynamic of migration and labor productivity in the rural area of PATANAS villages

The agricultural sector still becomes a source of household income in rural areas, although its role tends to decrease. In the period 2011‒2015, the number of agricultural workers decreased about 1% per year and is inversely proportional to the increasing Indonesian labor, which reached an average of 1.2% per year. Several leading causes of labor decreases are migration and productivity issues in the agricultural sector. This paper aims to determine migration and labor productivity dynamics in three-time points in villages on Panel Petani Nasional Program (PATANAS) located at three agroecosystems: plantation, secondary crop, and vegetable. Amount of respondents in each agroecosystem were 312, 232, and 121 farmers. Data analysis was presented descriptively. The results of the study indicated that labor productivity varies between agroecosystems. The highest increase in productivity occurred in vegetable, then secondary crop, and plantation. Labor productivity in the agricultural sector is inversely proportional to the migration on an agroecosystem. There is not excessive migration in the vegetable agroecosystems since labor productivity is highest than the others. There is a phenomenon of increasing working family members followed by an increase in the number of migrations. This phenomenon negatively impacts the agricultural sector because there is no increase in the number of workers in the agricultural sector. There is a trend for young people in PATANAS villages to undertake permanent migration. Increasing labor productivity in rural areas predicted could reduce labor migration. Efforts that can be created are gradually encouraging off-farm and non-farm activities, including small-scale agro-industries.

The Borders of Citizenship in the Haitian Revolution

This essay surveys the appropriations and transformations of the modern concept of citizenship by the actors of the Haitian Revolution, analyzed through the intertwining of race, plantation labor, and the postcolonial state. The concept of citizenship is interpreted as an instrument of emancipative struggles as well as of practices of government. The reconstruction is focused around four moments: the liberal critique by free people of color of the racial boundaries of French citizenship; the strategic uses of citizenship by the insurgent slaves to secure their freedom; the inclusion of former slaves into citizenship to preserve the plantation system within the republican order; and postcolonial Haitian citizenship. By analyzing the constitutional shifts and the political thinking of different figures, such as Julien Raimond, Georges Biassou, Jean-François, Toussaint Louverture, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the essay shows the conceptual originality of Haitian political thought and its relevance for the history of modern political concepts.

Slaves and Peasants in the Era of Emancipation

From the middle of the eighteenth century until the late 1830s, the idea of enslaved people as “peasants” was a commonplace among both antislavery and proslavery writers and activists in Britain. Slaveholders, faced with antislavery attacks, argued that the people they claimed to own were not an exploited labor force but a contented peasantry. Abolitionists expressed the hope that after emancipation, freedpeople would become peasants. Yet the “peasants” invoked in these debates were not smallholders or tenant farmers but plantation laborers, either held in bondage or paid low wages. British abolitionists promoted institutions and ideas invented by slaveholders to defend the plantation system. The idea of a servile and grateful “peasant” plantation labor force became, for British abolitionists, a justification for the “civilization” and subordination of freedpeople.

An Archaeology of a Chinese Laundryman in the Jim Crow South

The experiences of Chinese diasporic communities in the American South has been little studied compared to those in the West, despite the importance of Chinese immigration in discussions of post-Emancipation plantation labor. This chapter explores the making of a Chinese American identity in Jim Crow–era New Orleans through the archaeology of a Chinese-operated hand laundry, in business at the same location for three decades. Chinese immigrants in the South entered a two-tiered racial hierarchy in which they were officially relegated to a lower status, but the ambiguities of color in an urban setting like New Orleans provided opportunities to use the material markers of ethnicity instrumentally to negotiate a status that was neither white nor black.

Regional-potential-based plantation vocation education analysis in East Kalimantan Province

This study aims do provide plantation vocation education facilities in accordance with the needs of the plantation labor market for several years to come.This was a quantitative study analyzing secondary data and setting the plantation vocation education needs by first making a projection of the population comprising the age group of 16-18 years in East Kalimantan Province.The research conclusions show: East Kalimantan Province need plantation vocation Education. The projection of plantation workers in East Kalimantan Province for 5 years to come from 2015 to 2019 on the whole experiences an increase in the needs for plantation workers continuously. In relation to the results of the projection for plantation workers in East Kalimantan Province for 5 years to come, the needs for vocational education in plantation in the province increase continuously.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI TEBU PADA SUB SEKTOR PERKEBUNAN DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR TAHUN 2011-2015

The goal of this research is to know the influence of the land area and the amount of sugar cane plantation labor in the plantation in East Java province year 2011-2015 and analysis whether there is a difference between production of Kabupaten/Kota cane producer on a plantation in East Java province year 2011-2015. Analysis tool used is a panel data regression then do hypothesis testing with F-test, t-test, and the coefficient of Determination () on error rate α = 5%.The results of the regression analysis of the data panel with the selected model is a Random Effect Model showed that the land area of influential labor and significantly to the amount of production value of each 0.97 to land area and 0.04 for amount of labor. While the value of the coefficient of determination () is 0.99 or 99%, this indicates that the ability of the variable land area and the amount of labor in explaining the amount of production of 99%.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI TEBU PADA SUB SEKTOR PERKEBUNAN DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR TAHUN 2011-2015

The goal of this research is to know the influence of the land area and the amount of sugar cane plantation labor in the plantation in East Java province year 2011-2015 and analysis whether there is a difference between production of Kabupaten/Kota cane producer on a plantation in East Java province year 2011-2015. Analysis tool used is a panel data regression then do hypothesis testing with F-test, t-test, and the coefficient of Determination () on error rate α = 5%.The results of the regression analysis of the data panel with the selected model is a Random Effect Model showed that the land area of influential labor and significantly to the amount of production value of each 0.97 to land area and 0.04 for amount of labor. While the value of the coefficient of determination () is 0.99 or 99%, this indicates that the ability of the variable land area and the amount of labor in explaining the amount of production of 99%.

The Price of Un/Freedom: Indonesia's Colonial and Contemporary Plantation Labor Regimes

Although often associated with colonial times, tropical plantations growing industrial crops such as rubber, sugar, and oil palm are once again expanding. They employ hundreds of thousands of workers, who still use remarkably basic tools. Flagging colonial continuities, labor activists campaign against the reemergence of unfree labor and “modern forms of slavery.” Paradoxically, labor activists also highlight the opposite problem: the casualization of plantation work, as workers are hired daily and fired at will. Recognizing that both “free” and unfree labor regimes have a long history in Indonesia, and plantations have pivoted between these modes more than once, my study compares plantation labor regimes in the colonial, New Order, and “reform” periods (post-1998) to answer three questions. First, given that employers always want to access disciplined labor at the lowest possible price, what were the conditions that led employers to rely on unfree labor in some cases, and “free” labor in others? Second, to what extent was unfreedom imposed as a response to excessive freedom among workers and peasants? Third, how were the costs of social reproduction distributed between workers and employers, and what pressures from workers or regulators (state, colonial, transnational) affected this distribution? In addition to published sources, I draw on my ethnographic research in West Kalimantan (2010–2015) to explore contemporary experiences of un/freedom among workers on state and private oil palm plantations.

Cherry, Unfinished Business

This essay explores Jack London’s last unfinished novel Cherry. It is read in the context of increasing tensions between the Japanese empire and the United States and Hawaii’s progression toward statehood reflecting local concerns over the large island minority of Japanese ethnicity and regressive local plantation labor laws. Cherry skillfully captures the tensions in prestatehood Hawaiian society and its dilemmas, while simultaneously exploring the nature of European-style colonialism and looking at the geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Japanese empire in the Pacific. This essay also examines various themes of race, class, and US social discourses relevant to the period and the novel while warning against the problems with biographical readings and speculations over an author’s intent.

Constructing a Free Labor Market

This chapter studies the extent to which the Freedmen Bureau's effort to reinstate plantation labor for former slaves in the mid-1860s was associated with changes in the valuation of black labor. Despite similarities in coercion and the organization of labor, the valuation of wage labor under the bureau was linked to human capital investments and statistical discrimination in ways that were fundamentally different from the valuations observed in appraisals, purchases, and hires within the antebellum slave market. This shift in the logic of valuation produced uncertainty among bureau agents, employers, and former bondsmen and women themselves as to how black workers would be compensated within the emerging free labor market of the American South.