Formation of Consciousness of Fictional Characters: Reading in the novel Al-Masarrat Wal Awja’ (Joys and Pains): تشكل وعي الشخصيات الروائية قراءة في رواية (المسرّات والأوجاع)

The events often contained in any narrative work contribute to the formation of the consciousness of the characters in the work, no matter how superficial that consciousness, as well as the consciousness of the writer that transmits it in one or a group of his works, through his characters who contribute to a set of events and interactions between them by revealing their vision for themselves and each other, in addition to their pronouncement of judgments resulting from their consciousness of what happened in their past and what is happening in their surroundings. Consciousness is one of the most prominent features that we can find in a character that has an independent existence, and has its own style of perceiving situations and facts surrounding it, which lives in its world, as well as realizing what is going on in itself in advance. Hence, we deal with this research of the fictional characters in the novel (Al-Masarrat Wal Awja’) by the Iraqi novelist Fuad al-Takarli from this aspect that was said to have been addressed by critical studies, to reveal a mechanism that shapes these characters’ consciousness of themselves and others, their references and their vision of the world that the author conveys to us through his narrator. Our choice of novel (Al-Masarrat Wal Awja’) was due to the writer’s care of his main and secondary characters and the multiplicity of their social and cultural levels, which enriched the fictional work in terms of the references that each character reflects and refers to, especially the main character (Tawfiq), which we see once existential, once agnostic, and at other times without all the references, in addition to being a sophisticated figure at work and presenting his vision of the world through his diaries that were part of the fictional work. The research is divided into three sections, the first is theoretic and is concerned with the consciousness of the term and the concept, and the second dealt with patterns of consciousness in terms of the concept of each type and how it appeared in the novel under consideration and in which character was it reflected from its characters. As for the last topic, we dealt with the vision of the world presented by the novelist about the path of his main character (Tawfiq), so that the research finally reaches a set of results, the most important of which is that the characters in the novel in question were neither superficial nor an intellectual construction, and this is what led to the formation of the consciousness of each in a different way from the other.

Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Lycaenidae: taxonomy of Johnsonita Salazar & Constantino, 1995 with descriptions of seven new species (Theclinae: Eumaeini)

The Transandean-Andean genus Johnsonita Salazar & Constantino, 1995 is revised on the basis of wing and genitalia morphology. Apart from eight species formerly placed in Johnsonita (Thecla assula Draudt, 1919; Thecla auda Hewitson, 1867; Thecla catadupa Hewitson, 1869; Thecla chaluma Schaus, 1902, Thecla chlamydem Druce, 1907; Thecla pardoa d’Abrera, 1995; Johnsonita johnsoni Salazar & Constantino, 1995 and Johnsonita johnbanksi Bálint, 2003), seven new species are described: Johnsonita carpia Bálint, Boyer & Pyrcz, sp. n. (Ecuador), Johnsonita iacinta Bálint, Boyer & Pyrcz, sp. n. (Peru), Johnsonita ianusca Bálint, Lorenc–Brudecka & Pyrcz, sp. n. (Ecuador), Johnsonita oxalida Bálint, Boyer & Pyrcz, sp. n. (Peru), Johnsonita subcunicula Bálint, Cerdeña & Pyrcz, sp. n. (Peru), Johnsonita turquisca Bálint, Boyer & Pyrcz, sp. n. (Ecuador) and Johnsonita zubkova Bálint, Boyer & Lorenc–Brudecka, sp. n. (Peru). One species, erroneously recorded from Bolivia under the name Thecla chaluma Schaus, 1902, is not formally described due to insufficient material. An identification key, type material revision, descriptions or redescriptions, and diagnosis for all the taxa recognized are given. Lectotypes for the nominal species Thecla assula Draudt, 1919 and Thecla chlamydem Druce, 1907 are designated. Male secondary wing characters are tabulated. A brief discussion on classification, life-history and male secondary characters of Johnsonita is presented.

Sexualization ((Online)Games)

This variable aims at identifying how bodies and movements of (mostly female) characters are portrayed in video games. This is often done by coding specific bodily attributes of characters or to what degree certain body parts are covered or (not covered) by clothing. Fielf of application/theoretical foundation: The variable sexualization is an indicator commonly used in studies investigating the depiction of gender roles in video games and especially in studies aiming to identify stereotypical or sexist portrayals of women in games. Other variables that are often considered in such analyses are character attributes like being physically capable in terms of strength and agility (which is often how male characters are portrayed; Lynch et al., 2016) or whether characters are perpetrators or victims in violent interactions. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Content analytic codings of stereotypical or sexist gender representations can be complemented by surveys among players to ask about their perception of the games they play. In addition, researchers may consider using computer vision methods for, e.g., detecting the amount of skin shown by characters (if they use screenshots or printed ads as coding materials). Example studies Coding Material Measure Operationalization Unit(s) of analysis Source(s) (reported reliability of coding) 20-minute segment of game play Sexualization by clothing skin-revealing clothing, nudity (none, partial, full, not applicable, cannot tell), appropriateness of attire (appropriate, inappropriate, not applicable, cannot tell) Primary and secondary characters Downs & Smith, 2010 (Scott’s Pi = .87; 90; 90) 5-minute segments of recorded gameplay after “the player had taken control of the character’s onscreen action” (Lynch et al., 2016, p. 571) Sexualization by clothing Bare skin between armpits and bottom of the breasts (both dummy coded: bare skin vs. no bare skin) Target female character Lynch et al., 2016 (α = .70) 20-minute segment of game play Sexualization by size of body parts and proportions body proportion (realistic, unrealistic, not applicable, cannot tell), breast size (flat, average, voluptuous, cannot tell), waist size (disproportionately small, average, disproportionately large, cannot tell) Primary and secondary characters Downs & Smith, 2010 (Scott’s Pi = .82; .98; .88) 5-minute segments of recorded gameplay after “the player had taken control of the character’s onscreen action” (Lynch et al., 2016, p. 571) Sexualization by size of body parts and proportions Breast proportion to body size (dummy coded: proportionate vs. disproportionate) Target female character Lynch et al., 2016 (α = .81) 20-minute segment of game play Sexualization by specific behavior(s) sex talk (dummy coded: present vs. absent); sexual behavior (dummy coded: present vs. absent) Interactions between characters Downs & Smith, 2010 (Scott’s Pi = .99; 1.00) 5-minute segments of recorded gameplay after “the player had taken control of the character’s onscreen action” (Lynch et al., 2016, p. 571) Sexualization by specific behavior(s) presence of sexualized movement (dummy coded, “unnecessary undulation or jiggling that drew attention to their body in a sexual manner”, Lynch et al., 2016, p. 572) Target female character Lynch et al., 2016 (α = .75) 5-minute segments of recorded gameplay after “the player had taken control of the character’s onscreen action” (Lynch et al., 2016, p. 571) Physical capability dummy coded: engagement in feats of physical strength or agility vs. no engagement in feats of physical strength or agility Target female character Lynch et al., 2016 (α = .84) References Downs, E., & Smith, S. L. (2010). Keeping abreast of hypersexuality: A video game character content analysis. Sex Roles, 62, 721–733. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9637-1. Lynch, T., Tompkins, J. E., van Driel, I. I., & Fritz, N. (2016). Sexy, strong, and secondary: A content analysis of female characters in video games across 31 years. Journal of Communication, 66(4), 564–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12237

Danza, lingua e potere: (s)cortesia ne La dodicesima notte di Shakespeare

Dance in Elizabethan and Jacobean England was a practice closely linked to the notion of power, understood both from a political point of view – especially in relation to courtly dances – and from a gender perspective – as regards popular dances in particular. The purpose of this article is to conduct a linguistic analysis of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night 1.3, where two secondary characters, Sir Andrew Aguecheek and Sir Toby Belch, compete for the woman they both love – countess Olivia – by displaying absurd terpsichorean skills. With the support of conversation analysis and cognitive linguistics, this article underlines how the concept of power (intended both as man-man and man-woman relationship) is expressed at the linguistic level with a series of lexical and morphosyntactic strategies in the discourse about Renaissance dances.

The Indian World of a German Writer: «The Rebellion of the Hanged» by B. Traven

The article is devoted to the study of the work of the German writer B. Traven in the context of the problems of Indianism. The purpose of the article is to explore the poetic foundations of the novel «The Rebellion of the Hanged» («Die Rebellion der Gehenkten, 1936), to analyze the artistic world based on the pre-revolutionary struggle of the autochthonous Indian culture and industrial culture of the heirs of European colonialists. The article clarifies the biographical context of the writer's immersion in the reality of an exotic country. The article considers Ukrainian publications of the 1960s about the mysterious figure of the writer, developing a hypothesis about the connection between B. Traven and the Bavarian revolutionary activist Reat Marut. It is noted that the revolutionary orientation is determinative for the Indianist poetics of the novel «The Rebellion of the Hanged». A distinction between the terms «indianismо» and «indigenismo» in the study of the writer's creative heritage is proposed. The problems of the journalistic book by B. Traven «Land of Spring» («Land des Frühlings», 1928), the materials of which served to create the Indian imagery of the Kaoba-cycle, including the analyzed novel, are investigated. The poetic principles of «The Rebellion of the Hanged» are described: the plot-compositional structure, chronotope, the characteristics of the main and secondary characters are given, the imaginative and lexical-stylistic features of the novel are analyzed. The symbolism of the novel's title is analyzed: from tortured «animals» the Indians turn into a revolutionary mass, relentless and cruel in their revenge. It is determined that the uniqueness of B. Traven's indigenіst novel is due to its direction to the German recipient. Indigenous images of the novel acquire universal significance, and the Indian appears as an «another», whose fate allows us to understand the essence of European culture. B. Traven appears as an artist who embodies the problem of «other» in its intercultural dimension.

Mechanisms of Wonder: The Performance of Marvels in Don Quixote Part II

As many Cervantistas have explained, Don Quixote’s imagined reality in Part II of Don Quixote is markedly different from the one presented in Part I of the novel. His adventures are no longer solely the result of his own imagination, but rather carefully crafted and manipulated by secondary characters in the work, perhaps most notably by the duke and duchess. One thing that has not been so well explained in prior criticism, however, is that intimately tied to this manipulation is the production of marvels and spectacular performances. These marvels are objects that arouse the emotion of wonder in their audiences. Each of the three episodes under study involves inanimate objects that seem to possess animacy. Through the presentation of these marvels, Cervantes shows that the intentional manipulation of the senses is an important aspect of producing wonder, for it helps to keep hidden the cause behind the seemingly marvellous object.

Flight to Canada And Kindred: Similarities and Discrepancies in Two Neo-Slave Narratives Translated into Spanish

The aim of this paper is to study the Spanish translations of Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada and Octavia E. Butler’s Kindred, two neo-slave narratives that were published in the 1970s. It examines how Black English, the lexicon of slavery, and proper nouns have been recreated in the Spanish target texts. The linguistic variety spoken by the secondary characters in Flight to Canada and by the slaves in Kindred makes readers aware of the language of the dispossessed Other. Butler’s and Reed’s novels were published simultaneously in Spain in 2018 and translated by Amelia Pérez de Villar and Inga Pellisa, respectively. This paper observes how translators’ choices play a key role in the portrayal of alterity in literary texts.

Non uiribus aequis

Virgil, it has long been recognized, radically alters the sequence, schedule, participants, and alliances in the battles fought between Aeneas’ landing and the founding of Lavinium; they are above all drastically simplified in structure and shortened in time. Nothing suggests that Virgil’s source material contained the inherited names of numerous participants. In particular, the number of inherited major warriors is severely restricted, which entails problems of narrative development. The careful reader of Aeneid 9–12 will also be greatly struck by the almost total absence of important secondary characters in whom the reader may take a growing interest. Virgil labours under a self-imposed problem: how to write an epic of war in four books, given a tiny cast of major figures.

Analisis Psikologi Sastra dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Kupu-kupu Kuning Ngindang di Candidasa karya I Ketut Sandiyasa

This research entitled "Collection of Short Stories Kupu-Kupu Kuning Ngindang di Candidasa by I Ketut Sandiyasa Literary Psychological Analysis" by discussing three short stories entitled Tamplakan Limané Intan Pandini; Kupu-Kupu Kuning Ngindang di Candidasa; and Wayan Arya NgalihTunangan with psychological analysis of literature. This analysis aims to determine the structure and obtain a clear explanation about psychological aspects of the characters in the short story. This research uses structural and literary psychological theories The methods and techniques used in this study were divided into three stages; the stage of providing data using the listening method along with translation technique and note-taking technique, the stage of data analysis using qualitative method with descriptive analytic technique, the stage of presenting the results of analysis using informal methods with deductive techniques. In this study, it can be found the narrative structure such as incidents, plot, characters and characterizations, settings, themes, and moral value of the stories. Psychological aspects in the three short stories entitled Tamplakan Limané Intan Pandini; Kupu-Kupu Kuning Ngindang di Candidasa; and Wayan Arya Ngalih Tunangan in the collection of short stories Kupu-Kupu Kuning Ngindang di Candidasa including Id, Ego, and Super Ego (part of theory of literature psychology). Id in these short stories are seen in the mentality of the main and the secondary characters when performing an action for pleasure and self-satisfaction. Ego in these short stories are seen in the mentality of the main and secondary characters when performing conscious actions. Super Ego in these short stories are seen in the psychological aspect of the main and secondary characters when doing an action based on a sense of remorse and self-introspection of the mistakes made.