O Emaranhado de Fios dos Relatos de Infância: o Gênero Autobiográfico em Recuerdos de Niñez y Mocedad de Miguel de Unamuno

RESUMORecuerdos de niñez y mocedad (1908) é uma obra autobiográfica do escritor Miguel de Unamuno (1864 – 1936), na qual o autor narra diversas experiências da infância e adolescência. Nela, Unamuno aborda algumas lembranças que, por se manterem longe na distância e no tempo, confundem-se em fios emaranhados entre o real e o fictício. Para analisar o relato de infância do modernista espanhol, valemo-nos de estudiosos do gênero autobiográfico e psicanalistas como Braunstein (2008). Assim sendo, o estudo buscou analisar e encontrar traços do gênero autobiográfico na obra do intelectual, da mesma maneira que os recursos linguísticos para encobrir as camadas nebulosas da memória. Tendo por base estes preceitos, a partir da metodologia bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo, explicaremos como as recordações de Don Miguel, em Recuerdos de niñez y mocedad, são descritas vários anos após a infância ter se tornado, somente, “pontos que estão contidos em enormes espaços vazios”.Palavras-chave: Autobiografia. Infância. Unamuno. The threads' tangle of childhood relationships: the autobiographical gender in Recuerdos de niñez y mocedad by Miguel de UnamunoABSTRACT Recuerdos de niñez y mocedad (1908) is an autobiographical work by the writer Miguel de Unamuno (1864 – 1936), in which the author describes various experiences of childhood and adolescence. In it, Unamuno addresses some memories that, being far away in time and distance, get confused in tangled threads between the real and the fictional. To analyze the childhood report of the Spanish modernist, we will use autobiographical scholars and psychoanalysts such as Braunstein (2008). Therefore, the study sought to analyze and find traces of the autobiographical genre in the intellectual's work, as well as the linguistic resources to cover the foggy layers of memory. Based on these precepts, from the qualitative bibliographical methodology, we will explain how the memories of Don Miguel, in Recuerdos de niñez y mocedad, are described several years after childhood only became “points that are contained in huge empty spaces”.Keywords: Autobiography; Childhood; Unamuno.

Betrayed? That’s me: Implicit and explicit betrayed self-concept in young adults abused as children

Attenuated awareness of betrayal, or “betrayal blindness,” is a proposed survival mechanism in relationships where awareness of betrayal will mobilize confront-or-withdraw responses that jeopardize a needed relationship. Empirical tests of betrayal blindness and its effects are hampered by the methodological conundrum of how to measure an absence of awareness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of a novel empirical method to measure implicit betrayed self-concept, the first step in a long-term research aim to operationalize “betrayal blindness.” Informed by betrayal trauma theory, we hypothesized that a history of betrayal within close childhood relationships (but not recent close relationships or “not-close” relationships) would predict implicit betrayed-self associations in young adulthood. We designed an adaptation of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and measured implicit and explicit betrayed- self associations and self-reported history of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse in 529 university undergraduates. Internal consistency reliability of the betrayed self IAT was low but adequate. Hierarchical regression modeling revealed that history of abuse within close childhood relationships (but not recent close relationships or “not-close” relationships) predicted betrayed- self IAT scores. The effect size was small, β = .12, p < .05, 95% CI [.01, .07], R2 = .12. In addition, history of betrayal by someone close (but not someone “not close”) at any age predicted increased explicit evaluations of the self as betrayed versus respected, a small effect size, R2 = .16. Findings indicate that implicit betrayed self-concept can be measured empirically.

Adverse childhood experiences, childhood relationships and associated substance use and mental health in young Europeans

Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can increase risks of health-harming behaviours and poor health throughout life. While increases in risk may be affected by resilience resources such as supportive childhood relationships, to date few studies have explored these effects. Methods We combined data from cross-sectional ACE studies among young adults (n = 14 661) in educational institutions in 10 European countries. Nine ACE types, childhood relationships and six health outcomes (early alcohol initiation, problem alcohol use, smoking, drug use, therapy, suicide attempt) were explored. Multivariate modelling estimated relationships between ACE counts, supportive childhood relationships and health outcomes. Results Almost half (46.2%) of participants reported ≥1 ACE and 5.6% reported ≥4 ACEs. Risks of all outcomes increased with ACE count. In individuals with ≥4 ACEs (vs. 0 ACEs), adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.01 (95% CIs: 1.70–2.38) for smoking to 17.68 (95% CIs: 12.93–24.17) for suicide attempt. Supportive childhood relationships were independently associated with moderating risks of smoking, problem alcohol use, therapy and suicide attempt. In those with ≥4 ACEs, adjusted proportions reporting suicide attempt reduced from 23% with low supportive childhood relationships to 13% with higher support. Equivalent reductions were 25% to 20% for therapy, 23% to 17% for problem drinking and 34% to 32% for smoking. Conclusions ACEs are strongly associated with substance use and mental illness. Harmful relationships are moderated by resilience factors such as supportive childhood relationships. Whilst ACEs continue to affect many children, better prevention measures and interventions that enhance resilience to the life-long impacts of toxic childhood stress are required.