Formulating the legislative structure of a hate crime

While hate crime legislation is well established in England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, Ireland has failed to address the issue of hate crime on a statutory basis. Law reform processes are currently underway across these jurisdictions, and this article seeks to explore a fundamental question in this context, that is, the relative merits of various approaches to structuring hate crime legislation.

Conflict of interest: dialectics of a normative “tiered structure”

Objective: to carry out a legal and dogmatic analysis of the legislative structure of the “conflict of interests” concept and its constituent categories in order to ensure the applied tasks of effective law enforcement and prevention of corruption risks determined by a conflict of interests.Methods: the dialectical approach to the cognition of socio-legal phenomena, which allows identifying the unity of opposites in the legal categories that form the conflict of interests concept; the formal-logical method of scientific cognition, presented in the legal-dogmatic analysis of legislative norms; the method of operationalization of concepts.Results: the conducted comparative legal research, expressed in a combination of methods of analysis and synthesis of legal categories aimed at obtaining comparative knowledge, allows correlating their content with respect to the “conflict of interests” concept in proportion to the goals of law enforcement. A legal and linguistic analysis of legal categories has been carried out, the totality of which forms the content of the “conflict of interests” concept. Abstract and definite norms of categories are highlighted in the context of the proof necessary to ensure their connection (presence and absence) with legal facts.Scientific novelty: the term “normative ‘tiered structure’” was introduced into the scientific circulation of legal science, which comprehensively reflects the operational definition of the complex socio-legal phenomena described in composite legal categories. The theoretically presented phenomenon of the normative “tiered structure” conflict of interest in the discreteness of its constituent concepts and dispositive legal categories causes high risks of distortion or erroneous interpretations. These risks are formed out of court, initially registered in the decisions of the conflicts of interest settlement commissions. Prevention of such risks is ensured not only by the involvement of experts who, in addition to legal knowledge and professional-industry knowledge, also have moral and ethical foundations, the bearers of which are the arbiters of precedent law enforcement.Practical significance: the main provisions of the article can be used in practical activities to provide evidence of de jure manifestations of a conflict of interests. The revealed regulatory collisions and the incomplete legal regulation of public relations in the sphere of “personal interest” require improving the anti-corruption legislation in terms of simplifying the concept used for law enforcement purposes.

Formulating the legislative structure of a hate crime

Whilst hate crime legislation is well established in the three jurisdictions of the United Kingdom, Ireland has failed to address the issue of hate crime on a statutory basis. This article will seek to explore what legislative structure is most appropriate for such legislation in an Irish context, drawing on a comparative analysis of both the form and operation of such legislation in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Canada.

PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF THE MURDER OF A NEWBORN CHILD BY A MOTHER (ARTICLE 106 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

This article examines the features of the Russian criminal law norm that provides for liability for the murder of a newborn child by a mother. We analyzed the data of the Judicial Department on the statistics of convicts for 2016 and 2019 under Article 106 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in relation to the indicators of other privileged elements of murder, indicating the latency of this type of crime. The article also examines some features of the legislative structure of Article 106 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, accompanied by examples of judicial practice. The article examines the criminal law norms providing for responsibility for infanticide, the legislation of Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Holland and Denmark, and highlights the distinctive features of Article 106 of the Russian criminal legislation. The article presents proposals for possible improvement of the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on responsibility for the murder of a newborn child by a mother, confirmed by the indicators of a sociological study.

Law between Nationalism and Regionalism: The Integration of the Transylvanian Juridical Field in Greater Romania (1918–1927)

The article explores the process of legal and judicial integration of Transylvania within Greater Romania, focusing on how Romanian legal professionals experienced the transition from the Habsburg Empire to the Romanian nation-state. I argue that lawyers, judges, and jurists placed greater importance on legal tradition, professional solidarity, and the pursuit of personal interests than nationalism. Building on Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of the juridical field, the article investigates how the traditions and categories of judgment typical of legal professionals often hampered the nationalization projects undertaken by the Romanian government, thereby casting new light on the process of Romanian state building in the early 1920s. Furthermore, the present piece addresses the issue of the imperial legacy, exploring the relationship between new and old laws and the reasons behind the former legislative structure surviving the political upheaval of 1918.

Economic Aspects Related to Investments in Energy-Efficient Houses in the Framework of Bioeconomy

The challenges related to the sustainable use of renewable natural resources and the European Union's attention to the bioeconomy provide Romania with the legislative framework and building and innovation opportunities in the field of construction, with benefits for consumers, society, and the environment. EU-wide regulation focuses on nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB), with a differentiated degree for each member state of the European Union. That is the reason why, in this article, the authors focus on the economic and the technical aspects, on the minimal way in which it is approached in the scientific literature, as it is reflected in the national legislative structure, and as it is present in the applied practice in Romania.

Rethinking Multicultural Planning: An Empirical Study of Ethnic Retailing

The recent waves of immigration have dramatically impacted urban landscapes and economies of Canada’s largest metropolitan regions. One notable phenomenon is the rise of ethnic retail strips and centers as physical markers of increasing multiculturalism. The dynamics of ethnic retailing pose various opportunities and challenges for municipalities; yet, our knowledge of its complexities is limited and current literature on multicultural planning offers little useful guidance in planning practice. This study examines three retail strips in the inner city of Toronto, namely East Chinatown, the Gerrard India Bazaar, and Corso Italia, and one suburban Asian theme mall, the Pacific Mall in the City of Markham in an attempt to identify the role of urban planning in responding to the rise of ethnic retail neighbourhoods. The findings of the four cases indicate that urban planners have been unable to intervene actively in ethnic retail and direct its development and growth. The planning legislative structure and the lack of policy support hinder planners’ capacity to be proactive. Planners cannot work alone to build multicultural cities. This paper concludes on the importance of municipal intervention interdepartmental collaboration as useful implications for multicultural planning practice. Résumé: Les récentes vagues d'immigration ont considérablement affecté les paysages urbains et les économies des plus grandes régions métropolitaines du Canada. Un phénomène remarquable est la montée de bandes ethniques de détail et des centres en tant que marqueurs physiques de multiculturalisme croissant. La dynamique du commerce de détail ethnique posent diverses opportunités et des défis pour les municipalités, et pourtant, notre connaissance de sa complexité est limitée et la littérature actuelle sur la planification multiculturelle offre peu d'indications utiles pour planifier la pratique. Cette étude porte sur trois bandes de détail dans le centre-ville de Toronto, à savoir East Chinatown, le Gerrard India Bazaar et Corso Italia, et un centre commercial de banlieue thème asiatique, Pacific Mall dans la ville de Markham dans une tentative d'identifier le rôle des villes la planification pour répondre à la hausse des quartiers ethniques de vente au détail. Les résultats de ces quatre cas indiquent que les urbanistes ont pu intervenir activement dans ethnique détail et orienter son développement et sa croissance. La structure de la programmation législative et le manque de soutien politique entravent la capacité des planificateurs d'être proactif. Les planificateurs peuvent pas travailler seul à construire des villes multiculturelles. Cet article conclut sur l'importance de l'intervention municipale et la collaboration interministérielle comme conséquences utiles pour la pratique de planification multiculturelle.

Rethinking Multicultural Planning: An Empirical Study of Ethnic Retailing

The recent waves of immigration have dramatically impacted urban landscapes and economies of Canada’s largest metropolitan regions. One notable phenomenon is the rise of ethnic retail strips and centers as physical markers of increasing multiculturalism. The dynamics of ethnic retailing pose various opportunities and challenges for municipalities; yet, our knowledge of its complexities is limited and current literature on multicultural planning offers little useful guidance in planning practice. This study examines three retail strips in the inner city of Toronto, namely East Chinatown, the Gerrard India Bazaar, and Corso Italia, and one suburban Asian theme mall, the Pacific Mall in the City of Markham in an attempt to identify the role of urban planning in responding to the rise of ethnic retail neighbourhoods. The findings of the four cases indicate that urban planners have been unable to intervene actively in ethnic retail and direct its development and growth. The planning legislative structure and the lack of policy support hinder planners’ capacity to be proactive. Planners cannot work alone to build multicultural cities. This paper concludes on the importance of municipal intervention interdepartmental collaboration as useful implications for multicultural planning practice. Résumé: Les récentes vagues d'immigration ont considérablement affecté les paysages urbains et les économies des plus grandes régions métropolitaines du Canada. Un phénomène remarquable est la montée de bandes ethniques de détail et des centres en tant que marqueurs physiques de multiculturalisme croissant. La dynamique du commerce de détail ethnique posent diverses opportunités et des défis pour les municipalités, et pourtant, notre connaissance de sa complexité est limitée et la littérature actuelle sur la planification multiculturelle offre peu d'indications utiles pour planifier la pratique. Cette étude porte sur trois bandes de détail dans le centre-ville de Toronto, à savoir East Chinatown, le Gerrard India Bazaar et Corso Italia, et un centre commercial de banlieue thème asiatique, Pacific Mall dans la ville de Markham dans une tentative d'identifier le rôle des villes la planification pour répondre à la hausse des quartiers ethniques de vente au détail. Les résultats de ces quatre cas indiquent que les urbanistes ont pu intervenir activement dans ethnique détail et orienter son développement et sa croissance. La structure de la programmation législative et le manque de soutien politique entravent la capacité des planificateurs d'être proactif. Les planificateurs peuvent pas travailler seul à construire des villes multiculturelles. Cet article conclut sur l'importance de l'intervention municipale et la collaboration interministérielle comme conséquences utiles pour la pratique de planification multiculturelle.

THE PROBLEM OF LEGISLATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY OF A CRIME PROVIDED FOR BY ART. 159.6 “CYBER FRAUD” OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF FRAUD

The paper considers the issues related to the legal nature of fraud in the cyber realm; the issues of the legislative structure of the body of a crime provided for by Article 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code. The paper reveals the features of the novelty of the Russian legislation – the elements of cyber fraud as a socially dangerous act, taking into account the possible socially dangerous consequences, the specifics of information relations in the sphere of storage, processing, or transmission of computer information. The authors note that the existing structure of a crime, which is provided for by Art. 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code, and its place in the complex of specific types of fraud, today, are the controversial issues primarily caused by the ways of implementation unique for this act. The paper considers the issue when some mistakes, made while adopting the analyzed norm in 2012, were subsequently corrected by the legislator. The authors study the decisions of judicial practice concerning the problems of classification and delineation of cyber fraud from the related bodies of crimes. As a result of the study, core features of cyber fraud affecting the correct classification of a crime are identified. The authors conclude that the existing legislative structure of the crime provided for by Art. 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code “Cyber Fraud” due to the unique way of commitment, violates the traditional logic of constructing various forms of theft, which causes the comprehensive change in its structure. It is proposed to alter the existing structure of Art. 159.6 of the RF Criminal Code changing the form of embezzlement and its structural arrangement within the criminal law.

Criminal policy of Kazakhstan in the sphere of countering to drunk driving

The article examines the criminal policy of countering road accidents committed by drivers under the influence, implemented in Kazakhstan in connection with the trend of their constant growth. Based on the example of law enforcement practice of previous years, the authors conclude that the next measures to strengthen responsibility for drunk driving, adopted by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 27, 2019, will not bring tangible results due to ill-considered and illogical actions of the legislator. This is due to the fact that criminalization of Art. 345-1 and Art. 346 of the Criminal Code was carried out contrary to the Concept of legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2010 to 2020; due to the unsuccessful legislative structure of Art. 346 of the criminal code and the contradictory position of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the regulatory decree “On the practice of applying criminal legislation in cases of violations of traffic rules and vehicle operation” dated June 29, 2011, there are serious difficulties in its application in investigative and judicial practice; the courts are actively using the possibility of significantly reducing the punishment to the guilty or release from criminal liability in cases of reconciliation with the victim on the grounds stipulated by Paragraph 1 of Part 2 of Art. 55 of the Criminal Code and Part 1 of Art. 68 of the Criminal Code, etc. To resolve the existing shortcomings, thoughtful, consistent and criminologically justified actions of the state are required, which may contain the proposals provided by the authors.