LAND-LEASING BEHAVIOR, LOCAL OFFICIALS’ PROMOTIONS, AND CHINESE CITIES’ DEBT RISKS

This study first analyzes how local governments’ land-leasing behaviors affect Chinese cities’ debt risk then examines the impact of officials’ promotion mechanisms on debt risk in China’s urban land bank system. The land-leasing behavior is reflected through three indicators, namely, land-leasing revenue, land-leasing scale, and land financial dependence level. Two new indicators are constructed to measure the local government’ debt risk from the perspective of debt scale and debt repayment: the debt scale risk and debt burden risk. Empirical analyses are based on the data of 281 prefecture-level cities from 2006–2015. The main findings are twofold. First, the debt scale risk is positively affected by the land-leasing revenue, and officials’ promotion pressure. The debt burden risk is positively affected by the land financial dependence and officials’ promotion pressure. Second, the officials’ promotion pressure significantly enhances the positive effect of land-leasing revenue on the debt scale risk. Local officials, who are under promotion pressure, are inclined to expand the size of urban investment bonds, which increases debt scale risk.

Mathematical Models and Data Analysis of Residential Land Leasing Behavior of District Governments of Beijing in China

To analyze the leasing behavior of residential land in Beijing, the mathematical models of the price and the total area of the leased residential land are presented. The variables of the mathematical models are proposed by analyzing the factors influencing the district government’s leasing behavior for residential land based on the leasing right for residential land in Beijing, China. The regression formulae of the mathematical models are obtained with the ordinary least squares method. By introducing the data of the districts in Beijing from 2004 to 2015 into the mathematical models, the numerical results of the coefficients in the mathematical models are obtained by solving the equations of the regression formulae. After discussing the numerical results of the influencing factors, the district government behavior for leasing residential land in Beijing, China, is investigated. The numerical results show the factors concerning the government and how these factors influence the leased price and the total leased area of residential land for this large city in China. Finally, policy implications for the district government regarding residential land leasing in Beijing are proposed.

Peran Notaris Dalam Menentukan Jangka Waktu Sewa-Menyewa Tanah Terhadap Warga Negara Asing

The purpose of writing this article is to examine the arrangement of the lease term based on positive law in Indonesia and the role of the Notary in determining the term of land lease is related to the case in the Decision Number 94/Pdt/2017/PT.DPS regarding the lease deed drawn up by a Notary and in it contains a determination of a period that is not in accordance with the principle of propriety where the the land lease lasts for 100 years. This journal article is a type of normative legal research with a law approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. The output of this study shows that the regulation of tenure for leasing land based on positive law in Indonesia has not render legal certitude because there are still vague norms. The role of the Notary in determining the period of land leasing in relation to the case in the Decision Number 94/Pdt/2017/PT.DPS Notary do not implement their authority to provide legal counseling and do not carry out their obligations to act honestly and conscientious. Abstrak Tujuan penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaturan jangka waktu sewa-menyewa tanah berdasarkan hukum positif di Indonesia dan peran Notaris dalam penentuan jangka waktu sewa-menyewa tanah dikaitkan dengan kasus pada Putusan Nomor: 94/Pdt/2017/PT.DPS mengenai akta sewa-menyewa yang dibuat oleh Notaris dan didalamnya termuat penentuan jangka waktu yang tidak sesuai dengan asas kepatutan dimana sewa-menyewa tanah tersebut berlangsung selama 100 Tahun. Artikel jurnal ini termasuk jenis penelitian hukum normative dengan pendekatan UU, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan jangka waktu sewa-menyewa tanah berdasarkan hukum positif di Indonesia belum memberikan kepastian hukum karena masih terdapat norma kabur dalam pengaturannya. Peran Notaris dalam menentukan jangka waktu sewa-menyewa tanah dalam kaitannya dengan kasus pada Putusan Nomor: 94/Pdt/2017/PT.DPS yakni Notaris tidak menjalankan kewenangannya untuk melakukan penyuluhan hukum dan tidak menjalankan kewajibannya untuk bertindak jujur dan saksama.

Tanggung Jawab Notaris Terkait Penyelundupan Hukum Dalam Hal Perjanjian Nominee

The purpose of this study is to understand the validity of the lease agreement followed by the nominee agreement and the responsibilities of the notary in making the nominee deed. This research is a normative legal research. The research approach used is a statutory approach and a legal concept approach. The results of this study indicate that the legality of land leasing by foreigners followed by a nominee agreement is null and void, and the responsibility of the Notary regarding the nominee agreement in the Supreme Court Decision Number: 193 / PDT / 2015 / PT.DPS is subject to civil sanctions punished by compensation, namely compensating for losses by paying all costs incurred because of this case.. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keabsahan perjanjian sewa yang diikuti dengan perjanjian nominee dan tanggung jawab notaris dalam pembuatan akta nominee. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan statutori dan pendekatan konsep hukum. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa legalitas sewa tanah oleh pihak asing yang diikuti dengan perjanjian nominee batal demi hukum, dan Tanggung jawab Notaris terkait perjanjian nominee dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor: 193 / PDT / 2015 / PT.DPS dikenai sanksi perdata yang dihukum dengan santunan, yaitu mengganti kerugian dengan membayar semua biaya yang timbul karena kasus ini.

Russian Historiography of Peasant Entrepreneurship in the Moscow Province

Рассматриваются основные вехи отечественной историографии истории предпринимательства крестьян Московской губернии конца XIX — начала ХХ века. Автором прослежены тенденции в изучении данной темы на соответствующих исторических этапах — дореволюционном, советском и постсоветском. В дореволюционной историографии исследовались условия и факторы становления и развития крестьянского предпринимательства, региональная специфика промысловой активности крестьянства. Советская аграрно-историческая наука преимущественное внимание уделяла социально-классовым аспектам, в частности динамике доходов и расходов крестьянского хозяйства, исследуемой в том числе с широким применением историко-статистических методов. В современных условиях историки стремятся к многофакторному междисциплинарному анализу социально-экономического положения подмосковных крестьян. В статье охарактеризованы научные труды и исследовательские концепции в отечественной историографии аграрно-крестьянских аспектов отечественной истории. В итоге автор приходит к выводу, что изучение крестьянского предпринимательства в России конца XIX — начала ХХ века в целом и Подмосковье в частности носило фрагментарный характер. Исследователей интересовали лишь отдельные аспекты предпринимательской деятельности крестьян, такие как мелкотоварное производство, промысловая деятельность, отходничество, земельная аренда, а также сбыт сельскохозяйственной и молочной продукции. The article treats major landmarks of the history of Russian peasant entrepreneurship in the Moscow Province of the late 19th — early 20thcenturies. The author analyzes the tendencies associated with the investigation of the issue at various historical stages: the prerevolutionary stage, the Soviet stage, the post-Soviet stage. Prerevolutionary historiography focuses on the conditions and factors pertaining to the development of peasant entrepreneurship, region-dependent specialization of peasants’ trade-related activities. Soviet agrarian history focuses on the issues of social status and class, including the dynamics of peasants’ income and expense, which are investigated via a number of historical and statistical methods. Modern scholars tend to analyze social and economic conditions Moscow peasants lived in. The article investigates research works and research concepts associated with historiography of peasant-related aspects of Russian history. The author concludes that the investigation of peasant entrepreneurship in the late 19th — early 20th centuries in Russia in general and the Moscow Region in particular is rather fragmentary. Researchers focus on some aspects of peasant entrepreneurship, such as small commodity production, seasonal work, land leasing, agricultural and dairy marketing.

The Case for Long-Term Land Leasing: A Review of the Empirical Literature

Land, as a factor of production, has a vital role within the agricultural sector compared with other sectors. However, in recent years, land mobility has become a significant issue around the world with increased concentration and competition for land ownership, limiting the overall competitiveness of the agri-food sector and constraining the potential opportunities for new entrant farmers to access land. While land leasing is increasingly being embraced as a common form of land tenure serving as an alternative to the purchase of land for agriculture, the length of lease has been shown to have a significant impact on land productivity and sustainability. In this study, we provide a comprehensive and systematic review exploring the benefits of longer-term land leasing with a particular focus on developed countries and some selected developing countries in the context of commercial farming with more formal arrangements. Specifically, we highlight the barriers to long-term land leasing and identify potential incentives that might be adopted to encourage long-term land leasing for both landowners and farmers who seek to rent land.