Chekhov as a writer and as a doctor

In his short autobiography, Anton Pavlovich wrote that after a great number of years, although he could not remember what exactly had prompted him at one time to choose the profession of a doctor and enter the medical faculty of the university, he knew for sure that subsequently he never regretted his choice. In his letters, he even wrote that he considered literature to be his wife, while medicine was his mistress, and when he got tired of one, he turned his gaze to the other. «Perhaps this is immoral to some extent,» he wrote, «but I never get bored. Why not chase two hares if there were hounds!» Chekhov began his medical practice in the Zvenigorod district of the Moscow province. He was lucky to have as his mentor an outstanding physician P. A. Arkhangelsky, whose fame as a practicing therapist was so great that young doctors from almost all over the country came to him to gain experience. The eminent doctor was very pleased with the success of the talented young man, and even left him solely for the entire hospital as a practicing doctor. Such activity helped Chekhov not only gain invaluable medical experience, but also formed the basis of many of his works, such as «The Runaway», «Village Doctors», «On Official Duty». Anton Chekhov devoted the first half of the day to receiving patients, and in the afternoon, he took part in autopsies, acted as a medical expert, and consulted especially difficult and controversial cases of diseases.

Using Internet for the mass dating of drawings in the Russian state of the late XVII – early XVIII centuries for completing special GIS databases

This article presents the results of assessing the possibility of determining the dates of compiling cartographic materials (drawings) of the Russian state in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries using information provided exclusively by Internet resources. For correct dating, the author chose the method based on the analysis of available on historical drawings information about the property of the depicted objects and their owners. The method is mostly based on the content of the drawings making it possible avoid additional information (for example, the names of their compilers). The research was carried out on the example of seventeen drawings of Ruza district, Moscow province of the specified era. Based on data of the selected Internet resources was carried out, the author set the dates of fifteen from seventeen drawings. The accuracy of the results was acceptable, although slightly lower than the results provided by the scientific community, but the effectiveness of the used method turned out to be significantly higher than the traditional ones. The conducted studies have demonstrated the possibility of using the considered method and information sources for the mass dating of the Russian drawings of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, allowing to fill the gaps in relevant information for specialized geographic information systems.

Comparative Study of the Phenotypic Structure and Photoperiodic Responses of Female Asian Ladybirds Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) from Moscow, Belgorod, and Sochi

Insect invasions are often accompanied by changes in the phenotypic structure of the populations and in the photoperiodic responses that regulate seasonal cycles. The Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis has been recently discovered in Krasnodar Territory, from whence it is now gradually colonizing Central Russia. Our comparative study of individuals collected in 2020 in Sochi, Belgorod Province, and Moscow Province shows that interpopulation differences in their phenotypic structure are nonsignificant. The proportion of the light morph succinea is 77–83%; the proportion of the most common dark morph, spectabilis, is 13–20%. Laboratory experiments show that females from all the studied populations exhibit only a weak photoperiodic response. Comparative analysis reveals that females from the more northerly Moscow and Belgorod populations have a somewhat greater tendency to diapause and slightly delay reproductive maturation.

Russian Historiography of Peasant Entrepreneurship in the Moscow Province

Рассматриваются основные вехи отечественной историографии истории предпринимательства крестьян Московской губернии конца XIX — начала ХХ века. Автором прослежены тенденции в изучении данной темы на соответствующих исторических этапах — дореволюционном, советском и постсоветском. В дореволюционной историографии исследовались условия и факторы становления и развития крестьянского предпринимательства, региональная специфика промысловой активности крестьянства. Советская аграрно-историческая наука преимущественное внимание уделяла социально-классовым аспектам, в частности динамике доходов и расходов крестьянского хозяйства, исследуемой в том числе с широким применением историко-статистических методов. В современных условиях историки стремятся к многофакторному междисциплинарному анализу социально-экономического положения подмосковных крестьян. В статье охарактеризованы научные труды и исследовательские концепции в отечественной историографии аграрно-крестьянских аспектов отечественной истории. В итоге автор приходит к выводу, что изучение крестьянского предпринимательства в России конца XIX — начала ХХ века в целом и Подмосковье в частности носило фрагментарный характер. Исследователей интересовали лишь отдельные аспекты предпринимательской деятельности крестьян, такие как мелкотоварное производство, промысловая деятельность, отходничество, земельная аренда, а также сбыт сельскохозяйственной и молочной продукции. The article treats major landmarks of the history of Russian peasant entrepreneurship in the Moscow Province of the late 19th — early 20thcenturies. The author analyzes the tendencies associated with the investigation of the issue at various historical stages: the prerevolutionary stage, the Soviet stage, the post-Soviet stage. Prerevolutionary historiography focuses on the conditions and factors pertaining to the development of peasant entrepreneurship, region-dependent specialization of peasants’ trade-related activities. Soviet agrarian history focuses on the issues of social status and class, including the dynamics of peasants’ income and expense, which are investigated via a number of historical and statistical methods. Modern scholars tend to analyze social and economic conditions Moscow peasants lived in. The article investigates research works and research concepts associated with historiography of peasant-related aspects of Russian history. The author concludes that the investigation of peasant entrepreneurship in the late 19th — early 20th centuries in Russia in general and the Moscow Region in particular is rather fragmentary. Researchers focus on some aspects of peasant entrepreneurship, such as small commodity production, seasonal work, land leasing, agricultural and dairy marketing.

The policy of proletarisation of education based on the example of educational institutions of Moscow department of professional education

The article considers the process of proletarisation of secondary and lower vocational schools and their results. Certain methods of forming the social composition of students are highlighted and described n the example of admission campaigns to educational institutions of Moscow department of professional education. Concrete examples show the adoption of the principle of class selection for admission to technical schools, factory schools, and professional schools. The representatives of working and peasant youth took advantage of enrolling them to educational institutions. The features of the principle of sending students to educational institutions as a way to improve the social composition of students are revealed. Travel orders were issued by regional and local Communist Party and professional organisations. The presence of travel order increased the opportunity of admission, although that did not guarantee it. The article also shows the role of ideological upbringing of students in the context of the policy of proletarisation. Political and educational activities were carried out within the framework of teaching a course in social studies, extracurricular class activities, as well as the efforts of representatives of the Russian Communist Youth Union. In the course of the study the materials of reports on admission campaigns to vocational and technical educational institutions in Moscow and Moscow Province were analysed. In conclusion we note the progress in formation of the composition of students from the position of class selection.

Analysis of the reflection of the most important events of the XVI–XIX centuries in the names of rural of the Ruza district of the Moscow province, used in the documents and applied to cartographic materials

This article presents the results of the analysis of the formed set of information about the rural located on the territory of the Ruza district of the Moscow province in the XVI–XIX centuries. The source of information was historical documents and materials summarising them of the Russian state and the Russian empire of the XVI–XIX centuries and cartographic materials of the XVIII–XIX centuries, containing information about rural and settlements that became rural later, as well as information about the owners of settlements and their families in the XVI–XVIII centuries. The search was performed taking into account changes in the administrative- and church-territorial divisions of the territory of the county and taking into account changes in the types and names of settlements during the considered period of time. The systematisation of the received information and its presentation in tabular form were performed in order to ensure the convenience of performing further work with their use. The assessment of the adequacy of the reflection of the events of the social and political life of the XVI–XIX centuries formed by the totality of information about the rural of the Ruza district is made. The dependence of the predominance of a number of methods of formation of the corresponding toponyms on the era of their mention in documents and the creation of cartographic materials is revealed. The coincidence of the results obtained as a result of this study with the results obtained by recognised experts who worked in this field, allowed us to conclude that it is possible to use the formed set of information to study the reflection of the life of Russian society in documents and cartographic materials of the XVI–XIX centuries on the example of the Ruzsky district of the Moscow province.

Vladimir Yakovenko. The mentally ill of the Moscow province. - Moscow, 1900

This very detailed work of the venerable author is the first most successful attempt to outline the real situation of the mentally ill in a certain area, in this case, in the territory of the Moscow province. The material for this work was the data collected in 1893 during the statistical study of the mentally ill on behalf and at the expense of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo.

Documenting the prevention and struggle of the Moscow zemstvo with cholera in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries

Based on the analysis of archival materials and periodical zemstvo publications, the process of documenting the work of zemstvo institutions in the Moscow province in the prevention and control of cholera epidemics in the second half of the XIX early XX centuries is studied, and documents on the activities of individual County zemstvos are considered. Various groups of archival documents from the collections of the Central state archive of Moscow are analyzed, which comprehensively reveal the difficulties of fighting and preventive measures aimed at preserving the health of the population of the Moscow province in the second half of the XIX century at the beginning of the twentieth century: minutes of meetings of zemstvo assemblies, divisions of the zemstvo responsible for fighting epidemics (first of all, the Sanitary Bureau of the Moscow zemstvo), acts of inspections of the rural population, memoirs of zemstvo doctors, epistolary documents (memories are of primary importance, including personal records of the Governor F.V. Dzhunkovsky, the head of the Moscow zemstvo sanitary Bureau P.I. Kurkin). The results of the formation and development of documentation support for Moscow zemstvo epidemiological medicine in the system of General national health care, aimed at comprehensive protection of public health, its protection and preservation, are summarized. Stressed the paramount importance of the collection of the Moscow provincial Council and district zemstvo in Moscow province, deposited in Central state archive of Moscow, to recreate a complete picture of the formation and development of zemstvo medicine in the Moscow province.