Né vittime, né carnefici. Cittadine. Un’analisi pedagogica dei ruoli delle madri nei percorsi di prevenzione alla radicalizzazione violenta e al terrorismo

Phenomenologies of Islamic terrorism, changing processes of radicalization to violence, and the suicide terrorist attacks perpetrated in many European countries, together constitute a complex educational topic. A topic that defies simplistic readings whereby the drawing of sharp boundaries between ‘us’ and ‘them’, or civilization and barbarism, organizes and reproduces morally reassuring analyses that relieve us of the duty to more thoroughly explore causes and areas of co-responsibility. A combination of pedagogical and gender based analysis can significantly contribute to advancing our knowledge of these phenomena and the related representations, deconstruct the processes underlying them, and inform the design of preventive interventions. More specifically, this article assesses the limitations and risks surrounding women’s role in prevention, also indicating ways in which the positive potential of this role may be explored; it is crucial to avoid re-essentializing the maternal and feminine, while supporting full recognition of women’s status as active and critical citizens

COGNITIVE MODELS OF THE BARBARITY TRIGGER

Статья представляет предварительный анализ категориального языка варваристики в контексте взаимодействия цивилизации и варварства. На протяжении истории варварство претерпевало серьезную мутацию, меняя семантику, но сохраняя матрицу своей «материнской» стадиальной лексики. Выработан особый лексикон агрессивных злонамеренных действий, характеризующих или нарастание варварства, или его изживание. Некоторые термины и понятия продолжают употребляться метафорически и методологически, скорее ориентируя, нежели определяя. В статье рассматривается особая деструктивная роль стимулов, толчков, порождающих всплески варварства, что актуализировало необходимость ввести в варваристику новое понятие — «триггер» варварства. Подобная исследовательская задача ставится в исторической науке впервые. Триггер рассматривается в качестве действия, ставшего толчком для сущностного изменения, решающего поворота, скачка или стремительного перехода из одного функционального состояния в другое. Исследовательская стратегия статьи определена когнитивным подходом конкретно-исторического анализа проявления триггеров варварства в широком географическом и хронологическом контексте. Это позволяет обратить внимание на «пороховые погреба» варварства тлеющего, скрытого и скрываемого, на механизм, инструментарий и формы проявления триггеров. Постановка проблемы вызвана необходимостью поиска новых методологий в разработке более глобальной проблемы — цивилизация vs. варварство в условиях современного цивилизационного кризиса, на пороге кардинальных изменений представлений о природе варвара и варварства, которое развивается и эволюционирует быстрее, чем его исследование и осмысление. The article presents a preliminary analysis of the categorical language of barbarism in the context of the interaction of civilization and barbarism. Throughout history, barbarism has undergone a severe mutation, changing semantics, but still retaining the matrix of its «maternal» stadium vocabulary. A unique lexicon of aggressive, malicious actions has been developed, characterizing either the growth of barbarism or its elimination. Some terms and concepts continue to be used metaphorically and methodologically, orienting rather than defining. The article considers the special destructive role of stimuli and shocks that generate bursts of barbarism, which actualized the need to introduce a new concept into barbarism — the «trigger» of barbarism. Such a research task is being set in historical science for the first time. A trigger is considered an action that has become the impetus for an essential change, a decisive turn, a leap, or a rapid transition from one functional state to another. The research strategy of the article is determined by the cognitive approach of a concrete historical analysis of the manifestation of barbarism triggers in a broad geographical and chronological context. This allows us to pay attention to the «powder cellars» of smoldering, hidden and concealed barbarism, to the mechanism, tools and forms of manifestation of triggers. The problem statement is caused by the need to search for new methodologies in the development of a more global problem - civilization vs. barbarism in the conditions of the modern civilizational crisis, on the threshold of cardinal changes in the ideas about the nature of the barbarian and barbarism, that develops and evolves faster than the research and comprehension.

The First R2P

This chapter explores the role of international lawyers as enablers of military intervention. US lawyers frequently justified US intervention on behalf of private interests in Latin America. They did not ignore the law to do so. While agreeing with Latin Americans that international law frowned on violent debt collection, they contended that it permitted intervention to ‘protect’ citizens and property. When combined with discourses of civilization and barbarism, lawyers found it easy to justify interstate violence even on behalf of unscrupulous claimants: too easy, in fact. As a result, such interventions often lacked public legitimacy and required deft diplomacy to limit political blowback. Just as contemporary debates over the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ have offered legal justification while stirring political controversies, so too the assertion of a ‘Right to Protect’ citizens and investments a century ago demonstrates the importance of legal expertise in shaping the contours of interstate violence.

Potential Challenges and Opportunities in Iraq’s Future

The people of Mesopotamia are an ancient people who have experienced prosperity and poverty, authority and subjection, civilization and barbarism all together. The British, who won the first World War, were responsible for creating a new Iraq with many structural deficiencies. This inevitably led to structurally driven political, social and economic violence, which still entangles the people of Iraq. Arabs, Kurds, and other ethnoreligious minorities could not find a recipe that would glue all of Iraq together ever since [1]. The aspiration of Iraq’s ruler was always beyond the boundaries of the country, beyond nationalism. Over all previous centuries, it is hard to find a genuine nationalist who ruled Iraq with a sole focus on Iraqi’s wellbeing. They rather had supra-nationalist aspirations such as Arabism, Socialism, and currently Shi’ism [2]. This chapter tries to pinpoint the structural maladies of Iraq. Some have been created by external forces, inasmuch as Iraq has been the major arena for the bitter rivalry between the United States and Iran. However, this paper argues that main cause of the failing of Iraq as a state is manufactured by Iraqis themselves. This study uses an inside-out look at Iraq’s never-ending cycle of violence and distrust between the newly so-called “rivals” and the new “establishment.” It ultimately presents a set of recommendations pointing the way to alleviate the prolonged instability in the country.

Civilização Barbárie em Conan, de Robert Howard - Vol. II

The book discusses the representations of civilization and barbarism considering the narratives of Conan Cycles by Robert Ervin Howard. The adventures of the character Conan the Barbarian were produced between 1932 and 1936. There are twenty-one literary and fictional texts that are part of a specific genre called “Sword and Witchcraft”. Such literary genre approaches fabulous worlds cha racterized by the presence of the superna tural, where fantastic characters venture into action and fantasy plots. Conan’s adventures were published in the so-cal led pulp magazines (or pulp fictions), low-quality graphic magazines — usually processed from paper pulp — that were very popular in the US between the 1920s and 1950s. Despite Howard placed his great famous character in the “Sword and Witchcraft” genre, he drew philosophical aspects in his plots, insofar as the central theme of these narratives is linked to the opposition between civilization and barbarism. Conan usually represents a violent, bloodthirsty, and crude human conduct, but honest and honorable in the face of the corrupt and greedy actions of civilized men, so an expression of barbarism would be somewhat necessary in his creator eyes, especially in the face of a Civilizational crisis. In addition, Conan and other characters have traces of the so-called western frontier men: the men who would represent the Ame rican trailblazers, so much worshiped by the creator of the character, largely because their rusticities were considered to be the basis for the formation of the country. Howard, a Texan native, was very concerned about the historical context of the economic and social crisis of the twentieth century, and more specifically, the Great Depression of the 1930s. Conan, therefore, expresses some aspects of a more rustic and truthful conduct, closer to the idealized manners of the men who made the West and the US, meaning that the narratives of the Conan Cycles are part of so-called fron tier literature. This is not just a study of civilization and barbarism, but it is also about the conception of the US border in Robert Howard’s own historical context