Role of India in Rohingya Crisis: Humanitarian Role and Geopolitical Interest

Globally considered one of the most persecuted minority groups, the Rohingyas are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in northern Rakhine who have fled Myanmar in a large-scale exodus since August 2017. More than 700,000 refugees fled to Bangladesh after a military crackdown on Rohingyas last August, following the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army’s attack on Myanmar’s military posts. This massive refugee outflow of Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar into Bangladesh has created a humanitarian crisis that carries implications on regional stability and security and also outrage among the international community. As a neighbor country, Bangladesh expects India’s respond promptly to support the government. This paper briefly examines India’s approach towards the Roh-ingya crisis and explores ways for India through its role in humanitarian and geopolitical including diplomatic, domestic political compulsions, security and economic interest. It also analyses India’s response to the Rohingya crisis focusing on India-Myanmar relations and also India’s need to counter China’s growing influence in its neighborhood. The paper also argues that as a neighbor friend and partner of Bangladesh, the role of India in Rohingya crisis has become a global expectation for peace and conflict resolution.

Deby’s control of Chad looks unlikely to be shaken

Significance The presidential election will take place on April 11 and parliamentary elections are scheduled for October. As the country prepares for the polls, security challenges and humanitarian emergencies are unfolding in various parts of the country, especially in remote and border regions. Impacts The designation of a vice-president could shift balances of power within the family network that dominates top political and military posts. Western powers and other African states are likely to accept even a highly flawed election, as they have in the past. Further protests may occur, but Deby appears less vulnerable in the short-term than Malian President Ibrahim Keita proved in 2020.

ARMED FORCES OF KAZAKHSTAN IN MODERN CONDITIONS

Relevance of the topic is determined by the present situation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the system of complicated international relations, challenges and threats to its security. For modern Kazakhstan is of particular importance to define and develop an effective military doctrine corresponding to modern geopolitical realities. To do this, it is necessary to determine the fundamental concepts of military organizational development, military strategy and art, to determine the primary priorities of military organizational development and the main vectors of promising directions for the development of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan. The geopolitical position of the Republic of Kazakhstan obliges to have well-trained, mobile, highly technically equipped Armed Forces capable of responding in a timely manner to any challenges and threats. Kazakhstan has chosen the path of creating a professional Army. The basis of the procedure for passing military service was the career growth scheme of military personnel, fixed periods of stay in a certain position and in a certain place, as well as a planned rotation of staff and military posts. Each officer should be well aware of the prospect of his military service.

The Four Highest Clans of the Eastern Jin Era

The article shows the history of the heyday and decline of the four highest clans of the Southern Chinese Eastern Jin dynasty (Wang, Xie, Yu and Huan clans), which alternately with varying degrees of success acted as the second most powerful clan in the entire Eastern Jin Empire when the central power ceased to be a self-sufficient force and badly needed the support of noble clans (strong houses). The purpose of the study is to identify the main factors of the political longevity of the highest clans of the period under review. The methodology of this study includes the method of prosopographic and historical-genetic analysis of the four highest clans of the Eastern Jin era, between which there was a continuous and merciless political struggle for the highest civil and military posts in the Eastern Jin Empire. The perspective of clan issues and inter-clan relations in Jin history lies in the possibility of a detailed reconstruction of the specific historical context of the most important events in the history of China in the 4th‒5th centuries AD and will contribute to the development of elitology of early medieval China. As a result of the analysis of the history of the development of the four clans, it was concluded that the Wang clan achieved the greatest success during the Eastern Jin period, which was able to move from the local level of politics to the level of the Eastern Jin Empire. The very factor of the clan structures of Chinese society had a significant double impact on the historical and political process of the period of the Jin Empire, as well as the era of the Southern and Northern dynasties in general. The duality lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the continuous strife between the regional branches of the Sima clan (the revolt of the eight princes) undermined the basis of the power of the all-Chinese empire of Western Jin from the inside, and on the other hand, the same clan structures in combination with rather strong compatriot ties (the alliance of the regional branch of the ruling Clan Sima and the local noble clan Wang) allowed the ruling house of Sima to retain supreme power and minimized the loss of the Chinese ethnos in a troubled and turbulent era. The system of the highest clans of the Jin era, in fact, developed as a result of the abandonment of the Han institute of examinations for officials, which prevented the highest clans from distributing among themselves the most important posts in the empire. Keywords: Western Jin, Eastern Jin, South China, higher clans, examination institute, nine-rank report card, prosopographic analysis

Bronze Vessels: Style, Assemblages, and Innovations of the Western Zhou Period

This chapter, by employing securely dated vessels, discusses stylistic characteristics of three phases of Western Zhou bronzes in the Zhou metropolitan centers in the Wei River Valley in Central Shaanxi and Luoyang area in Henan. The assemblage of bronze vessels in tombs and caches is also discussed in order to understand Zhou ancestral sacrifices and ritual practices and their changes from the Early to Middle and Late Western Zhou periods. The Zhou interaction with local communities through regional states and military posts beyond the center also stimulated the rise of exotic bronze vessel types inspired by local ceramic traditions.

Modernising Violence and Social Change in the Spanish Sahara (1957–1975)

In Spain's last colony, Western Sahara, both efforts by the colonial power to stimulate development and the negative impacts of colonisation intensified between the end of the Ifni-Sahara War (1957–58) and the Spanish withdrawal in 1975. Spanish economical and geopolitical interests triggered an important industrial and urban development of the territory. Cities such as Laayoune, Villa Cisneros, Smara, and the Bou Craa phosphate deposits were to showcase Spanish modernising colonial policies.However, the effects of war, the control of colonial frontiers, and severe droughts during the 1960s strongly affected Sahrawi society. In this context, the Spanish colonial state developed new forms of control over the Sahrawi population, which included the progressive (forced) settling of nomadic people around military posts and Spanish cities, bringing about the adoption of new economic paradigms. Not only did the Francoist government distribute subsidies, both money and goods; it furthermore implemented policies aimed at controlling the Sahrawi way of life, particularly in the areas of hygiene, education, and gender relations. The essay analyses these “carrot-and-stick” strategies at the intersection of colonial control and forced sedentarisation with regard to the implementation of a market-oriented economy in Western Sahara.

The Imperial Court of Catherine the Great as an Instrument of State Elite Formation

The article is devoted to the role of the imperial court in the «personnel reserve» formation for high governmental and military posts during the reign period of Catherine the Great. Comparative study of courtier’s and Page Corps graduates career development was held for this research by the means of two specially created prosopographical databases. The obtained results give us an opportunity to evaluate the impact of a court rank granting on the nobles career development and on receiving an appointment to the important governmental and military posts.

The Historical and Cultural Context of Fort St. Joseph

This brief overview of the cultural and historical context of Fort St. Joseph explores how Natives and newcomers created a vibrant social and economic life on the frontier of the French empire. The Fort was an important trading post and a key cog in the French network of trading and military posts. Interactions between French speakers and Native peoples at the Fort initiated a process of ethnogenesis, even as both Native peoples and French settlers sought to maintain key elements of their particular culture.

Ferdynand Goetel’s Iranian Experience: A Non-Colonial European Account of Mashhad

Ferdynand Goetel was a prisoner-of-war and a Polish refugee from Soviet Russia who, in 1920, spent a few months in Mashhad. The current study is an attempt to present Goetel’s unique view of the city and its inhabitants. Khorasan, at the beginning of the twentieth century, was frequently visited by foreigners who left numerous accounts of both the province and its capital Mashhad. Most of them were written by British and Russian citizens; representitive of the great powers striving to dominate the region through an extensive infrastructure of consulates, military posts, and commercial networks across the country. Goetel made his way to Iran after escaping six years of exile in Russian Turkestan, and he perceived his time in Iran as a liberation from captivity. During the few months he was forced to spend in Mashhad, waiting for evacuation, he explored the city and became acquainted with its inhabitants. His memoirs are not only a testimony of life in Iran at the beginning of the century, written from neither a colonial nor semi-colonial perspective, but also a source of information on the turbulent times of the late-Qajar decline.

Israel and Iran will play a zero-sum game in Syria

Significance The Israeli military said it hit over 50 targets, including intelligence sites, logistics compounds, military posts and warehouses, as well as Syrian air defences that mobilised against Israeli jets. The attack followed pro-Iranian forces’ launch of around 20 rockets earlier in the day against the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, which were intercepted and caused no damage. Impacts Lebanese Hezbollah will try to avoid being drawn in, at least while negotiating with Beirut partners to form a new coalition government. Israel will face separate security threats around May 14-15 in the Palestinian territories over the US Embassy move and Gaza protests. Israeli, French and Saudi pressure could persuade Washington to delay the planned withdrawal of US troops from Syria.