Development of Modern Racism Scale in Global Airlines: A Study of Asian Female Flight Attendants

Due to the globalization of the airline industry, global airlines are focusing human resource management on diversity strategies and employing flight attendants of various races. Multinational flight attendants have brought many positive results; conversely, discrimination has led to negative phenomena such as racism. Nevertheless, research focusing on global airline racism in tourism studies is unprecedented. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a modern racism scale rating the discrimination perceived by Asian female flight attendants on global airlines. It was developed following Churchill’s eight steps (1979). This study derived measurement items through a literature review, in-depth interviews, first and second expert surveys, and a preliminary survey. These items were developed on a scale through a validity and reliability assessment and were finally confirmed as six dimensions and 24 measurement items. Lastly, research implications were discussed.

Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Relationship Between Modern Racism and Rape Blaming Attitudes among Swedish Students and Community Members

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population ( n = 211) and a student population ( n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame ( r = .35, R2 [Formula: see text] 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame ( r = −.27, R2 [Formula: see text] 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception ( r = −.29, R2 [Formula: see text] 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

Older Adults’ Reflections on Ageism and Racism

The older population is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. By the year 2050, 39% of those 65+ will be from minority groups, up from 21% in 2012 (Ortman et al., 2014). These figures have significant implications for aging policy, including concerns over ageism and racism. Discrimination can take many forms, and can be present in legislation, advertising, attitudes, the workplace, and the health care system (Snaedal, 2015). The present study examines perceptions of racial and age discrimination of older adults living in the community and its impact on their quality of life. Using a cross-sectional design, 134 participants over the age of 60 were surveyed at three senior centers with ethnically diverse populations. The Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ-24) was used to assess participants’ perceptions and experiences with aging and perceptions of racism were assessed using an adaptation of the Modern Racism Scale. Findings from the AAQ-24 revealed an average score of 27.1 (SD=6.66) for psychosocial loss, 28.3 (SD=5.34) for physical change, and 30.5 (SD=4.65) for psychological growth, indicating moderately high levels of ageism. For the racism scale, the average total score for all respondents was 34.4 (SD=7.05), also moderate. This study helps shed some light on what older adults feel about the aging, as well as their concerns with racial discrimination. The insights gained from older adults’ experiences and perceptions can help shape policies for future generations.

The effect of status framing on student interest and recall regarding minority figures

This study examined the effects of framing on participant interest and retention ofdiversity-related material. In this study, 204 students from undergraduate psychology coursesacross two universities read a vignette about Kenneth and Mamie Clark. The vignette waspresented in the context of one of four frames that either highlighted or did not highlight theirminority status and/or their status as leaders in their field. After reading the vignette, studentsresponded to 13 items measuring recall of the material figures and 11 items assessing theirinterest in these figures. Participants also responded to the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy(SEE), Modern Racism Scale (MRS), and Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). Thedata found in the present study provided varying levels of support for the hypotheses. The effectswere stronger for Illinois participants, which may be due to the larger sample size collectedand/or the greater diversity of the school population. These results bring to light an interestingpotential area of future research that could eventually impact school curricula. It is possible that abetter understanding of effective methods for engaging students in discussions of diversity maybe around the corner. Participant race, gender, location, and major all had varying degrees of aneffect on the results, indicating that, like many other topics in psychology, understanding howpeople react to diversity discussions is not simply black and white.

Attitudes toward Immigrants, Beliefs about Causes of Poverty and Effects of Perspective-Taking

The present work presents three studies that investigate the relationship between causal attributions of poverty in Africa, attitudes towards African immigrants and perspective-taking. The objective of preliminary study (N = 54) was to collect information to adapt the Perceived Causes of Third World Poverty Scale (Hine & Montiel, 1999), in the Spanish adaptation by Betancor et al. (2002) to Spanish adolescents. The Study 1 (N = 102) explores the factorial structure of the teenager questionnaire adaptation and to test the relationship with Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, 1986). Correlational analysis reflects the existence of a central element in the new forms of racism: Victim blaming through Personal Attributions of Poverty. The objective of Study 2 (N = 62) was to determine whether empathic induction through empathic perspective-taking (Batson et al., 1997) can ameliorate the individual’s attributions of poverty concerning African immigrants among majority group members. However, the opposite effect was found, empathy induction increased Personal Attributions of poverty (η2 = .10). This effect was moderated by Modern Racism, simple slope test indicates t(52) = 2.49, p < .01, higher prejudiced participants increased Personal Attribution of poverty after empathic induction, blaming the victims for their situation.

Incidência de preconceito racial em professores: um preditor de fracasso escolar de estudantes?

Este trabalho resulta da investigação da incidência do preconceito racial em professores da rede pública, considerando sua relação com a produção de ações que levem ao fracasso escolar dos discentes. A metodologia foi quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva. Participaram 201 professores de ambos os sexos, entre 25 e 59 anos, do Ensino Fundamental público de Floriano/PI, correspondendo a 44,46% da amostra significativa da localidade. Os dados foram coletados com a Escala de Racismo Moderno e analisados estatisticamente pelo programa GraphPadPrism para estimar aspectos da categorização e variáveis envolvidas acerca do preconceito racial. Constatou-se que a discriminação é expressa de forma silenciada, por meio do falso mito da democracia racial: embora os entrevistados tenham-se declarado isentos de preconceitos, os conteúdos de suas concepções mostram o contrário.Palavras-chave: Preconceito racial. Professores. Desempenho Escolar. Fracasso.The incidence of racial prejudice on teachers: a predictor of school failure of students?AbstractThis work results from an investigation on the incidence of racial prejudice on public school teachers, considering their relationship with the production of actions that lead to the school failure of the students. The method was quantitive, exploratory and descriptive. The study consisted on 201 teachers of both genders, between 25 and 59 years old, which belong to a public elementary school of the city of Floriano/PI, corresponding to 44.46% of the representative sample of the locality. Data were collected with the modern racism scale, and statistically analyzed by GraphPadPrism program to estimate aspects of categorization, and variables involved in racial prejudice. It was found that the discrimination was expressed in a muted way through the false myth of racial democracy: although the teachers had declared themselves free of prejudices, the contents of their conceptions show otherwise.Keywords: Racial prejudice. Teachers. Scholarship performance. Failure.