ENTIRE-REGION CONSTITUTIVE RELATION FOR TRELOAR'S DATA

ABSTRACT Hyperelastic materials can experience a large deformation process. A constitutive relation suitable for an entire region from small, moderate, to large deformations is of great importance for practical applications such as fracture problems. Treloar's data are first investigated, and the tension curve is divided into three regimes: small-to-moderate regime, strain-hardening regime, and limiting-chain regime. Next, the modeling theory of hyperelastic materials is introduced, and the tensile behaviors of basic energy functions are analyzed for different deformation regimes. Finally, a successive procedure is suggested to establish an entire-region constitutive relation and then applied to Treloar's data. The present constitutive relation can maintain the initial shear modulus while the experimental data are satisfactorily predicted. The present procedure is simple and feasible and hence applicable to other hyperelastic materials when their entire-region constitutive relations are studied based on experimental data.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM: ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION

Performance appraisal is a fundamental action for any association that searches for the development and to make the greatest benefit in this regularly expanding focused condition. The principle reason for this performance appraisal is to compute the power of performance appraisal approach towards the workers and furthermore to think about the connection between performance execution and performance examination. To get to worker's execution, performance appraisal is another approach which is usually utilized on associations to get out progressive updates in representative execution. The basic instrument of a significant performance appraisal framework arbitrary, while the present procedure of performance comprises of tolerating the essentials and the fundamental advances that set the association. As we realize that performance appraisal is a mistaken, human process thus it is an extreme errand to effectively incorporate. At the point when performance appraisal framework was first actualized the procedure was non straightforward. Means representatives were not told about their execution. There was no deliberate work out and the total procedure was appraisal holds self-evaluation by the representative also. Along these lines when the framework has enhanced from non-straight forwardness to straightforwardness.

Shortcut Method for "L" and "Z" Pipe Bend Sizing

In the engineering practice it may often prove necessary to provide quick and relatively accurate estimates of piping routing and material requirements in very early stages of a project. In these cases there is typically no time to perform detailed pipe stress analysis in order to obtain accurate routing which allows for sufficient piping system flexibility and the designer is constrained to the use of rule of thumb approach and good engineering judgment. This approach, although often used, may prove challenging in many situations, one of which is establishing sufficient pipe loop dimensions. Method proposed by the authors in [1] provides a procedure for quick estimation of U loops while the present procedure aims to provide additional procedures for estimation of L and Z bends, thus completing the circle of shortcut methods for quick estimation of expansion requirements of piping systems.

Random Permutations, Non-Decreasing Subsequences and Statistical Independence

In this paper, we show how the longest non-decreasing subsequence, identified in the graph of the paired marginal ranks of the observations, allows the construction of a statistic for the development of an independence test in bivariate vectors. The test works in the case of discrete and continuous data. Since the present procedure does not require the continuity of the variables, it expands the proposal introduced in Independence tests for continuous random variables based on the longest increasing subsequence (2014). We show the efficiency of the procedure in detecting dependence in real cases and through simulations.

Accurate and time-saving quantification of a component present in a very small amount in a mixture by the direct derivation method

In quantitative phase analysis (QPA) using the direct derivation (DD) method, total sums of diffracted/scattered intensities for individual components are used as observed quantities. Fluctuation in their relative intensity ratios induces errors in derived weight fractions, and it ought to be suppressed for improving the accuracy in QPA, in particular, of a component that is present in a small amount. The fluctuation is primarily caused by the termination in summing/integrating diffracted/scattered intensities on the high-angle side. It is usually associated with changing the 2θ range in whole-powder-pattern fitting (WPPF) used to decompose the mixture pattern into individual component patterns. In this study, calculated patterns for individual components, fitted in WPPF, are normalized so as to give the unit area when they are separately integrated over their definition ranges in 2θ. The termination effect could effectively be reduced by extending the definition range to a certain high-angle limit. Scale parameters for adjusting the calculated patterns become non-fluctuating against the change of the 2θ range in WPPF. Thus, the time spent for intensity data collection of mixture patterns can be reduced by shortening the scan range. The present procedure has been tested with binary mixtures containing small amounts of crystalline phases of 0.02–0.4 wt%. QPA could be conducted with errors of 0.01–0.03 wt% for both inorganic materials chosen as ideal samples and pharmaceutical materials as practical ones. QPA of an amorphous component present in a small amount is also discussed.

New modified laparoscopic Davydov’s method using the rudimentary uterus

Among surgical procedures of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, the laparoscopic Davydov's technique seems to offer the most feasible and effective approach for creating a neovagina. Several reports have pointed at the necessity for mobilization of the peritoneum to obtain a longer neovagina and have reported a modified laparoscopic Davydov’s method. A new method was performed for a 24- and an 18-year-old patient. The most significant method in present procedure was to leave the thickened tissue that connects both rudimentary uteruses. The advantages of present procedure are physiological, creating a longer neovagina. Furthermore, this approach may help prevent prolapse of pelvic organs by leaving the thickened tissue as a ceiling.

Fire protection design for composite lattice sandwich structure

Composite lattice structures are of considerable mechanical property and multifunctional design flexibility. However, the relatively low operating temperature of polymer composite prevents its application in high temperature or fire-proofing structures. Here, we propose a type of lightweight composite lattice sandwich structure that is capable of fire proofing as well as load bearing. In our design, the composite lattice sandwich structure is filled with heat insulation materials to interdict the thermal radiation and convection between its two facesheets. The top facesheet of the structure is covered with intumescent coating to isolate fire. Moreover, thermoresistant resin or flame retardant is adopted in manufacturing the top facesheet to improve its thermoresistance. A design procedure has been developed for such kind of fire-proofing structure, by which the material and geometry of the structure can be determined according to the fire-proofing effect. It was demonstrated by experiment that a 30-mm-thick structure, designed by the present procedure, was able to isolate 945°C fire load on the exposed surface for 3600 s, keeping the unexposed surface temperature rise below 139°C.

A New Type-2 Soft Set: Type-2 Soft Graphs and Their Applications

The correspondence between a vertex and its neighbors has an essential role in the structure of a graph. Type-2 soft sets are also based on the correspondence of primary parameters and underlying parameters. In this study, we present an application of type-2 soft sets in graph theory. We introduce vertex-neighbors based type-2 soft sets overX(set of all vertices of a graph) andE(set of all edges of a graph). Moreover, we introduce some type-2 soft operations in graphs by presenting several examples to demonstrate these new concepts. Finally, we describe an application of type-2 soft graphs in communication networks and present procedure as an algorithm.

Biodiesel Production from Sterculia foetida Oil by Using Solid Support Catalyst

In the present work, the properties of bioester from Samrong oil (Sterculia Foetida) and characteristics of cellulose solid catalyst are described. Heterogeneous catalyst was prepared via carbonization, sulfonation and purification giving solid catalyst as brown powder. Control parameters were time and temperature of carbonization and sulfonation reaction, ratio of sulfuric acid to solid material and weight of solid material. The optimized carbonization condition was 300 °C for 15 h. The sulfonation temperature was 150 oC for 18 h under N2 producing 7.99 mmol/g of acid concentration on solid catalyst. The acidity in water of solid catalyst after purification and drying was decreasing. The results of biodiesel production showed that the triglyceride could be converted to biodiesel directly by one-step sulfonic acid catalyzed process. The experimental condition of reaction process was 3.0 M of catalyst concentration with 9:1 M ratio of methanol to triglyceride at the temperature of 80 °C. This catalysts provided high reactivity of transesterification. The present procedure represents a simple method for biodiesel production with a short reaction time and with moderate conversion rate.

Study of the Apsidal Precession of the Physical Symmetrical Pendulum

We study the apsidal precession of a physical symmetrical pendulum (PSP) (Allais’ precession) as a generalization of the precession corresponding to the ideal spherical pendulum (ISP) (Airy’s precession). Based on the Hamilton–Jacobi formalism and using the techniques of variation of parameters along with the averaging method, we obtain approximate analytical solutions, in terms of which the motion of both systems admits a simple geometrical description. The method developed in this paper is considerably simpler than the standard one in terms of elliptical functions, and the numerical agreement with the exact solutions is excellent. In addition, the present procedure permits to show clearly the origin of the Airy’s and Allais’ precession, as well as the effect of the spin of the physical pendulum on the Allais’ precession. Further, the method could be extended to the study of the asymmetrical pendulum in which an exact analytical solution is not possible anymore.