PENGGUNAAN KATALIS MgF2 DALAM SINTESIS SENYAWA TURUNAN AMOKSISILIN

The synthesis of amoxicillin derivatives was carried out by reaction of amoxicillin with p-aminophenol which was catalyzed by MgF2. The aims of this research was to characterize amoxicillin derivatives. The compounds have been characterized by physical and chemical tests including organoleptic test, melting point test, pH test, Rf value test and maximum wavelength test. The results showed that the compounds having physical characteristics including organoleptic was brown powder and bitter taste with 238°C melting point. The chemical characteristic showed that Rf value was about 0.6, a pH was 6,1 and a maximum wavelength was 311 nm.

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Esterified Lignin in Various Polymer Blends

Lignin is an abundant polymeric renewable material and thus a promising candidate for incorporation in various commercial thermoplastic polymers. One challenge is to increase the dispersibility of amphiphilic lignin in lipophilic thermoplastic polymers We altered Kraft lignin using widely available and renewable fatty acids, such as oleic acid, yielding more than 8 kg of lignin ester as a light brown powder. SEC showed a molecular weight of 5.8 kDa with a PDI = 3.80, while the Tg of the lignin ester was concluded to 70 °C. Furthermore, the lignin ester was incorporated (20%) into PLA, HDPE, and PP to establish the thermal and mechanical behavior of the blends. DSC and rheological measurements suggest that the lignin ester blends consist of a phase-separated system. The results demonstrate how esterification of lignin allows dispersion in all the evaluated thermoplastic polymers maintaining, to a large extent, the tensile properties of the original material. The impact strength of HDPE and PLA blends show substantial loss upon the addition of the lignin ester. Reconverting the acetic acid side stream into acetic anhydride and reusing the catalyst, the presented methodology can be scaled up to produce a lignin-based substitute to fossil materials.

Green Synthesis ZnO Nanoparticles Using Rinds Extract of Sapindus rarak DC

The green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using a natural capping agent, Sapindus rarak DC rinds extract at low-temperature calcination and environmentally friendly solvent. The mixture of Zn(CH3COO)2, NaOH, and rinds extract was sonicated for 4 h at room temperature. The calcination was carried out at low temperature, 95oC for 8 h, and resulted in pale brown powder. XRD and SEM were used to confirm the structure and to analyze the morphology of ZnO nanoparticles respectively. XRD pattern of ZnO nanoparticles was corresponding to JDCPS card no 36-1451 with hexagonal structure. The average crystal size of ZnO nanoparticles was calculated using the scherrer equation and the average size was about 35.8 nm. From this study, the extract of the rind of Sapindus rarak DC was found to be a natural capping agent to synthesis ZnO nanoparticles because Sapindus rarak DC contain a pythochemical compound to limit the interaction between crystal seeds.

Synthesis of Graphite Paste/Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Electrodes Based on Polyeugenol as a Glucose Sensor with Potentiometric Method

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the body is unable to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In this study, eugenol was polymerized and then contacted with glucose and crosslinked using polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE). The resulted PE-Glucose-PEGDE was eluted using ethanol to form MIP-Glucose. It was then characterized by FTIR, SEM, electrodes using the Eutech 510 potentiostat and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The result of polyeugenol synthesis is a reddish-brown powder with a yield of 99.90% and a molecular weight of 6318.033 g/mol. UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis showed that the contacted glucose was 2152.505 ppm. SEM results showed differences in the surface morphology of the material, indicating the formation of cavities in MIP and ESM, while no cavities are found in NIP and ESN. The electrode optimization resulted in the best composition ratio of MIP 1 mol: paraffin: graphite, respectively of 20:35:45. The resulting electrode has a Nernst factor of 20.24 mV/decade with a measurement range of 10–5–10–1 M, a limit of detection value of 8.363 × 10–5 M, and the value of the selectivity coefficient (Kij) of the electrodes in a (10–5–10–1) M fructose solution was 0.3733; 0.23048; 0.17864; 0.12359; 0.1073.

STANDARDIZATION OF DRY EXTRACT OF ZIZIPHUS JUJUBA MILL. FRUITS

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (jujube) fruits have been used in folk medicine for a long time as a drug to treat arterial hypertension. Scientists in A. Sultanov Uzbek Research Institute for Chemistry and Pharmaceutics have developed a technology that permits to obtain dry extract named «Unabin» with hypotensive effect. The aim of research: to develop quality control and standardization methods for dry extract of jujube fruits. Jujube dry extract was described as a brown powder with sweet taste and specific odor. Water content in samples was 3.1–4.8% (measured according to State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation XI). We studied 5 series of dry extract. It was revealed that 1 g of dry extract contains 106 of aerobic bacteria, 103 of yeasts and mold fungi altogether, 102 of enterobacteria and other gram-negative bacteria in average. Esherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomоnаs aeruginosa и Staphylococcus aureus were not detected. Therefore, the studied pharmaceutical meets the standard of microbiological cleanliness. The optimal content of the following substances was determined: flavonoids (in rutin equivalent; no less than 0.2%), polysaccharides (no less than 1.8%), organic acids (in malic acid equivalent; no less than 1.5%), tanning agents (in tannin equivalent; no less than 5.0%). The proposed permissible content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd) is 0.01% or less. The shelf life of jujube dry extract is 2 years and more (assessed in natural conditions according to Branch Standard 42-2-70). The project of Pharmacopoeia article was prepared on the basis of conducted reseach.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etil Asetat Kulit Batang Mangrove Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris)

ABSTRAK Penelitian eksplorasi ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak etil asetat kulit batang mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris yang diperoleh dari daerah pinggiran Sungai Tallo Kelurahan Paccerakkang, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan. Isolasi dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap yaitu maserasi, partisi, fraksinasi, uji kemurnian dan identifikasi. Hasil penelitian berupa isolat murni berbentuk serbuk berwarna cokelat muda yang terdekomposisi pada suhu 140 0C. Pengujian dengan FeCl3 menunjukkan bahwa isolat positif flavonoid. Hal ini didukung oleh beberapa data spektrum FTIR pada isolat yang menunjukkan bilangan gelombang (cm- 1) yakni: 3380.93 (OH), 2954.95 (OH asam karboksilat), 1697.36 (C=O asam karboksilat), 1606.7 (C=C alkena); 2926.01 dan 2852.72 (CH3 dan CH2); 1359.82 (NO2); 1446.61 (C=C aromatik), 1211.3; 1188.15 dan 1037.7 (C-O alkohol) dan 1107.14 (C−O aril eter). Kata kunci: Isolasi, Etil Asetat, Sonneratia caseolaris, Flavonoid ABSTRACT This exploratory research have aim to isolate and identification the secondary metabolite compound contained in the etil acetate extract bark of Sonneratia caseolaris from Tallo River side, Paccerakkang district, Makassar City, South Sulawesi. Isolation were doned in several stages, were maceration, partitioning, fractionation, purity testing and identification. The result was obtained of pure isolate, it was light-brown powder with decompotition of 1400C. Identification result with FeCl3 test showed this isolate was flavanoid compound. It obtained with data spectrum of infrared result, where isolate showed several wave number (cm-1) were: 3380.93 (OH), 2954.95 (OH acid carboxilate), 1697.36 (C=O acid carboxilate), 1606.7 (C=C alchena); 2926.01 and 2852.72 (CH3 and CH2); 1359.82 (NO2); 1446.61 (C=C aromatic), 1211.3; 1188.15 and 1037.7 (C-O alcohol); 1107.14 (C−O aril eter). Keywords: Isolation, Etil Acetate, Sonneratia caseolaris, Flavonoid

Isolation And Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Mucilago Gedi Leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik)

The aim of this research was to isolation of mucilage from gedi leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) and characterized physicochemical properties. The isolation result was yellowish brown powder that swelling and dissolves slowly in water, but does not dissolve in ethanol, methanol, acetone and ether. The yield is 1.33%. Swelling index value 100% and viscosity 28 ± 2.65 mpas, pH 7.1. Proximate analysis showed 10.46% water content, 38.80% ash, 14.66% protein, 0.69% fat, 35.38% carbohydrate Water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) of musilago are respectively 4.23 ± 0.18 and 0.65 ± 0.14. Viscosity, Swelling index, WHC and OHC mucilage gedi leaf may be considered as pharmaceutical excipients.Keywords: Mucilage, Abelmoschus manihot, swelling, viscosity

Pengaruh Suhu Air Perendaman terhadap Mutu Tepung Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn.)

ABSTRAKBuah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) merupakan salah satu buah tropis Indonesia dengan tingkat produktivitas yang tinggi. Tepung buah mengkudu dapat digunakan sebagai produk olahan yang dapat bertahan lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu air perendaman terhadap mutu tepung buah mengkudu. Jenis penelitian eksperimen meliputi preparasi sampel, perendaman, pengeringan, pengayakan dan uji mutu tepung. Aspek kimia meliputi karbohidrat, protein, kadar air, kadar abu dan uji organoleptik meliputi tekstur, aroma dan warna. Pembuatan tepung buah mengkudu menggunakan suhu perendaman bervariasi 5 , 28 , 100 , dan tanpa perendaman sebagai kontrol. Proses pembuatan tepung buah mengkudu yang memperoleh hasil baik mengacu pada SNI adalah perendaman dengan suhu 100 . Hasil analisis aspek kimia rendemen 10,1959%, kadar karbohidrat 21,4553%, Kadar Protein 9,2902%, kadar air basis kering 8,9767% basis basa 8,2403% dan kadar abu 3,4696%. Uji organoleptik tepung berwarna kecoklatan, memiliki bau khas tidak tajam dan tekstur yang halus.Kata kunci: Morinda citrifolia Linn., Mengkudu, Tepung, Perendaman ABSTRACTNoni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) is one of Indonesian tropical fruit with a high level of productivity. Noni’s powder could be utilized as a long-period product. This research aims to know the effect of water soaking temperature on the quality of noni powder. The Type of this experimental research include sample preparation, soaking, drying, sieving and powder quality test. The chemical aspects include protein, carbohydrates, water, ash, and organoleptic test such as texture, aroma, and color. Making noni powder needs some kinds of temperature such as 5℃, 28℃, 100℃ and without soaking as control. The process of making noni powder which acquire good result refers to SNI is soaking with temperature 100℃. Result of aspect chemistry have 10.1959% yield, 21.4553% carbohydrate, 9.2902% protein, 8.9767% dry basis water, 8.2403% water wet basis and 3.4696% ash content, and organoleptic test of brown powder have a little special aroma and soft texture.Keywords: Morinda citrifolia Linn., Noni, Powder, Soaking

KERAJINAN COR KUNINGAN DI DESA CINDOGO, KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) keberadaan kerajinan cor kuningan di Desa Cindogo, Kabupaten Bondowoso, (2) alat dan bahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan kerajinan cor kuningan di Desa Cindogo, Kabupaten Bondowoso, (3 proses pembuatan kerajinan cor kuningan di Desa Cindogo, Kabupaten Bondowoso. (4) Jenis kerajinan yang dihasilkan dari kerajinan cor kuningan di Desa Cindogo, Kabupaten Bondowoso. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menujukkan (1) Keberadaan kerajinan cor kuningan yang merupakan kerajinan turun – temurun. Awal pembuatan kerajinan masih sangat sederhana dan pengerjaanya menggunakan alat tradisional. Pada tahun 1990 hingga sekarang perajin kuningan di Desa Cindogo Bondowoso mengalami kemajuan, alat yang digunakan sudah mengalami perubahan (modern), barang-barang yang dihasilkan semakin bervariasi.(2) alat dan bahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan kerajinan cor kuningan antara lain: cetakan, penjepit, pengasah, saringan, tungku api, palu, gerinda, kowi, blower, kikir, pahat kuningan, spidol, mesin las listrik, mesin poles, mesin bor tangan, kompresor, kuas lukis, blender, tang, gunting kuningan, ampelas, lem kuning, batu hijau, gelput dan bahan yang digunakan adalah logam kuningan, malan, tanah liat, pasir halus, cat minyak, arang halus, serbuk brown, thinner, dan clear. (3) proses pembuatan kerajinan kuningan meliputi pembentukan cetakan, pelapisan, pemopokan, penjemuran, pembakaran dan peleburan, pengecoran, perbaikan, pengikiran, pembuatan motif (sketsa), mengukir, pemolesan, pewarnaan, dan finisihing. (4) jenis kerajinan kuningan yang dihasilkan antara lain: (fungsional) cetakan kue, nampan, kinangan (tempat menyirih), pot bunga, lampu tidur. (non fungsional), miniature kereta kencana, guci jumbo, vas india, garuda pancasila, hiasan dinding kepala kuda, patung ayam jago, patung angsa, patung harimau, patung bebek, patung burung merak dan patung rusa. Kata Kunci : Kerajinan cor kuningan, jenis produk, fungsi. This study aims to describe (1) the presence of brass casting in Cindogo Village, Bondowoso Regency, (2) tools and materials used in the manufacture of brass casting in Cindogo Village, Bondowoso Regency, (3 processes of brass casting in Cindogo Village, Regency of Bondowoso (4) The type of craft produced from the brass casting in Cindogo Village, Bondowoso Regency This research is descriptive qualitative research The data collection technique used is observation, interview, documentation and bibliography. The results of this study indicate (1) The existence of brass casting craft which is a handicraft hereditary. Early crafting is still very simple and the pengerjaanya using traditional tools. In 1990 until now the brass craftsmen in Cindogo Bondowoso Village progressed, the tools used have undergone a change (modern), the goods produced more varied, (2) tools and materials used in the manufacture of brass casting crafts, among others: mold, Clamps, sharpener, strainer, fireplace, hammer, grinder, kowi, blower, miser, brass chisel, marker, electric welding machine, polishing machine, hand drill machine, compressor, paintbrush, blender, pliers, brass scissors, Yellow, green stone, gelput and materials used are brass metal, malan, clay, fine sand, oil paint, fine charcoal, brown powder, thinner, and clear. (3) the process of making brass handicrafts including mold formation, coating, pitting, drying, burning and smelting, casting, repairing, thinking, making motifs (sketches), carving, polishing, coloring, and finisihing. (4) types of brass handicrafts produced, among others: (functional) cookie cake, tray, kinangan (place menyirih), flower pots, sleeping lights. (Non functional), miniature carriage, jumbo jar, vase india, garuda pancasila, horse head wall decoration, statue of rooster, goose statue, tiger statue, duck statue, peacock sculpture and deer statue. keyword : Brass casting, product type, function.

Biodiesel Production from Sterculia foetida Oil by Using Solid Support Catalyst

In the present work, the properties of bioester from Samrong oil (Sterculia Foetida) and characteristics of cellulose solid catalyst are described. Heterogeneous catalyst was prepared via carbonization, sulfonation and purification giving solid catalyst as brown powder. Control parameters were time and temperature of carbonization and sulfonation reaction, ratio of sulfuric acid to solid material and weight of solid material. The optimized carbonization condition was 300 °C for 15 h. The sulfonation temperature was 150 oC for 18 h under N2 producing 7.99 mmol/g of acid concentration on solid catalyst. The acidity in water of solid catalyst after purification and drying was decreasing. The results of biodiesel production showed that the triglyceride could be converted to biodiesel directly by one-step sulfonic acid catalyzed process. The experimental condition of reaction process was 3.0 M of catalyst concentration with 9:1 M ratio of methanol to triglyceride at the temperature of 80 °C. This catalysts provided high reactivity of transesterification. The present procedure represents a simple method for biodiesel production with a short reaction time and with moderate conversion rate.