Cultural security of minorities under threat. The situation of the Uyghurs in the People’s Republic of China

The main objective of the article is to analyse the state of cultural security of the Uyghur minority. Due to the fundamental significance of identity and culture for the functioning of national minorities, it belongs from their perspective to the most crucial sectors of security, especially since a whole range of threats concerns it. The text uses the case study method, and the situation of the Uyghur minority in the People’s Republic of China has been chosen as an example. The following parts of the study define the terms used in the article, characterize the Uyghur minority, and indicate the most critical threats to its cultural security. These include the processes of migration together with the accompanying processes of urbanization and industrialization, the destruction of cultural heritage, threats in the area of culture and education, and dangers related to the state’s policy towards Islam and the potential radicalization of its Uyghur followers.

Cultivation of Students' Innovative Thinking in Ideology Research Learning from the Perspective of Needs Theory

Ideology education in Universities is based on college students. According to the requirements of the development of the times and the actual situation of the change and formation of people's thought and behavior, this paper discusses the application of need theory in Ideology education in Universities. The effect of Ideology education is composed of its own education, the satisfaction of individual needs and the satisfaction of social needs. The needs of college students are closely related to the effectiveness of College Students' ideology education. Therefore, the fundamental significance and value of modern education lies in cultivating and training students' innovative spirit, forming innovative ability, and shaping students' healthy and upward personality to meet the requirements of the times. This paper aims to improve the purpose of ideology education for college students by understanding their basic needs. Meet the reasonable needs of college students and enhance the reality of ideology education; Guide the high-level needs of college students and enhance the orientation of ideology education of college students; Respecting the different needs of college students and improving the pertinence of college students' ideology education.

Grafting nanometer metal/oxide interface towards enhanced low-temperature acetylene semi-hydrogenation

Metal/oxide interface is of fundamental significance to heterogeneous catalysis because the seemingly “inert” oxide support can modulate the morphology, atomic and electronic structures of the metal catalyst through the interface. The interfacial effects are well studied over a bulk oxide support but remain elusive for nanometer-sized systems like clusters, arising from the challenges associated with chemical synthesis and structural elucidation of such hybrid clusters. We hereby demonstrate the essential catalytic roles of a nanometer metal/oxide interface constructed by a hybrid Pd/Bi2O3 cluster ensemble, which is fabricated by a facile stepwise photochemical method. The Pd/Bi2O3 cluster, of which the hybrid structure is elucidated by combined electron microscopy and microanalysis, features a small Pd-Pd coordination number and more importantly a Pd-Bi spatial correlation ascribed to the heterografting between Pd and Bi terminated Bi2O3 clusters. The intra-cluster electron transfer towards Pd across the as-formed nanometer metal/oxide interface significantly weakens the ethylene adsorption without compromising the hydrogen activation. As a result, a 91% selectivity of ethylene and 90% conversion of acetylene can be achieved in a front-end hydrogenation process with a temperature as low as 44 °C.

How smooth is quantum complexity?

The “quantum complexity” of a unitary operator measures the difficulty of its construction from a set of elementary quantum gates. While the notion of quantum complexity was first introduced as a quantum generalization of the classical computational complexity, it has since been argued to hold a fundamental significance in its own right, as a physical quantity analogous to the thermodynamic entropy. In this paper, we present a unified perspective on various notions of quantum complexity, viewed as functions on the space of unitary operators. One striking feature of these functions is that they can exhibit non-smooth and even fractal behaviour. We use ideas from Diophantine approximation theory and sub-Riemannian geometry to rigorously quantify this lack of smoothness. Implications for the physical meaning of quantum complexity are discussed.

Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Austria

This chapter discusses administrative procedure and judicial review in Austria. In Austria, there exists a principle of the 'exclusivity of legal sources'. Legal protection is only possible against certain administrative legal sources. In general, Article 130 B-VG pronounces judgments on complaints by the administrative courts against rulings by administrative authorities for unlawful acts; against the exercise of direct administrative power and compulsion to carry out unlawful acts; and on the grounds of breach of the duty to reach a decision by an administrative authority. In principle, the administrative court has to examine the case comprehensively; in general, there is no exclusion for specific administrative matters. It is of fundamental significance for the Austrian administrative judicial system that an administrative court of first instance generally decides on the merits of the case. Only in very exceptional cases does it set aside the contested act by the authority and refer the case back to it.

Ultrasensitivity and bistability in covalent-modification cycles with positive autoregulation

Switch-like behaviours in biochemical networks are of fundamental significance in biological signal processing, and exist as two distinct types: ultra-sensitivity and bistability. Here we propose two new models of a reversible covalent-modification cycle with positive autoregulation (PAR), a motif structure that is thought to be capable of both ultrasensitivity and bistability in different parameter regimes. These new models appeal to a modelling framework that we call complex-complete , which accounts fully for the molecular complexities of the underlying signalling mechanisms. Each of the two new models encodes a specific molecular mechanism for PAR. We demonstrate that the modelling simplifications for PAR models that have been used in previous work, which rely on Michaelian approximations, are unable to accurately recapitulate the qualitative signalling responses supported by our detailed models. Strikingly, we show that complex-complete PAR models are capable of new qualitative responses such as one-way switches and a ‘prozone’ effect, depending on the specific PAR-encoding mechanism, which are not supported by Michaelian simplifications. Our results highlight the critical importance of accurately representing the molecular details of biochemical signalling mechanisms, and strongly suggest that the Michaelian approximation is inadequate for predictive models of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions with added regulations such as PAR.

An Answer to Joseph Raz

This chapter contains a reply to Joseph Raz’s critique of Alexy’s defence of non-positivism. The starting point is that the distinction between positivism and non-positivism is, contrary to Raz, still of fundamental significance. It will never become insignificant. Raz agrees with the author that law raises something like a claim to correctness, but he argues that this claim is not necessarily connected with morality. The response presented here is that it is. This implies a necessary connection between law and morality, which thereby yields non-positivism. The practical significance of this is illustrated by the Radbruch Formula and the role principles play in legal argumentation.

Instructor's Guidelines for Teaching of College Students Paper Writing －Focused on Essays

The purpose of this thesis is to propose “a model of a guideline for instructors that can be referred to” in order for them to effectively teach the information required of their students when it comes to their essay writing. Having done so, we may hope to positively contribute to the overall efficient progress of college students essay writing. By ‘college student essay’ we are referring to a short paper written by a university student, which amounts in length to roughly 5 sheets of A4 paper.The procedure used to achieve the above purpose is as follows. 1) learn about the definition and types of college student essays, 2) examine the fundamental significance and status of college student essay writing, and 3) present the instructor’s guidelines for the course of college student essay writing.What is necessary in order to properly establish the learning of college student essay writing is as follows: first, a qualitatively distinct essay task should be assigned to learners, based on the cold judgment of the learner's ability to write an essay. Second, in order not to undermine the opinions of the learners, the instructor’s comments on the contents of the essay should be excluded as much as possible, and hie or her feedback should be provided by paying attention to the formal aspects. Finally, the learner should be encouraged to write and submit a final essay that is better than their original essay, referring to the instructor's feedback.

The Role of Consumer Autonomy in Developing Sustainable AI: A Conceptual Framework

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision aids are increasingly employed by businesses to assist consumers’ decision-making. Personalized content based on consumers’ data brings benefits for both consumers and businesses, i.e., with regards to more relevant content. However, this practice simultaneously enables increased possibilities for exerting hidden interference and manipulation on consumers, reducing consumer autonomy. We argue that due to this, consumer autonomy represents a resource at the risk of depletion and requiring protection, due to its fundamental significance for a democratic society. By balancing advantages and disadvantages of increased influence by AI, this paper addresses an important research gap and explores the essential challenges related to the use of AI for consumers’ decision-making and autonomy, grounded in extant literature. We offer a constructive, rather than optimistic or pessimistic, outlook on AI. Hereunder, we present propositions suggesting how these problems may be alleviated, and how consumer autonomy may be protected. These propositions constitute the fundament for a framework regarding the development of sustainable AI, in the context of online decision-making. We argue that notions of transparency, complementarity, and privacy regulation are vital for increasing consumer autonomy and promoting sustainable AI. Lastly, the paper offers a definition of sustainable AI within the contextual boundaries of online decision-making. Altogether, we position this paper as a contribution to the discussion of development towards a more socially sustainable and ethical use of AI.

Wildlife diversity along the altitudinal gradients in the Garhwal Himalaya

Rich biodiversity is of fundamental significance for the foundation and adaptability of the precipitous biological system. In any case, this huge biodiversity begins vanishing at a quick rate because of human interference and over-exploitation of timberland and other common assets. The status of wildlife in Uttarakhand at Himalaya is much better than in other regions of India. But it becomes slowly disappearing due to the human encroachment and over-exploitation of forest and other natural resources. Musk Deer along the higher spans and Sambar, Yelping Deer, and so forth underneath the tree line are significant warm-blooded creatures. The present investigation was done in the Garhwal Himalayan region of Uttarakhand to uncover the effect of height and microclimatic conditions on wildlife. It is extremely vital and very fundamental for the individuals of the present era to go profoundly through the world of wildlife.