Spatio-temporal analysis of bacillary dysentery in Sichuan province, China, 2011–2019

Background Bacillary dysentery (BD) is a common infectious disease in China and causes enormous economic burdens. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of BD and to identify its possible hot spots and potentially high-risk areas in Sichuan province of China. Methods In this study, we collected monthly BD incidence reports of 181 counties in Sichuan province, China, from January 2011 to December 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the epidemic characteristics of BD. Moran’s I index was applied to investigate the yearly patterns of the spatial distribution. And spatio-temporal scanning statistics with the spatial unit set as county and the temporal unit set as month were used to investigate the possible high-risk region. Meanwhile, the circular moving windows were also employed in the spatio-temporal scanning to scan the study areas. Results The annual incidence of BD ranged between 16.13/100,000 and 6.17/100,000 person-years from 2011 to 2019 in Sichuan. The majority of the cases were children aged 5 years or younger. For the descriptive statistics, a peak from May to October was observed in temporal analysis, the epidemics were mainly concentrated in the northwest and southwest of Sichuan in spatial analysis. After 2016, the scope of BD significantly narrowed and severe epidemic areas were relatively stable. For the spatial autocorrelation analysis, a high global autocorrelation was observed at the county level, and the high–high clusters mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest of Sichuan. For the spatio-temporal scanning, the spatiotemporal clusters of BD occurred every year from 2011 to 2019. The most likely cluster areas mainly distributed in the southwest and northwest of Sichuan at the beginning, and then gradually concentrated in the southwest. The secondary cluster mainly concentrated in the northwest and its surrounding areas. Moreover, the 2nd secondary cluster was relatively small and mainly distributed in the central area. No clusters were noted in eastern Sichuan. Conclusions Based on our current analysis, BD is still a common challenge in Sichuan, especially for counties in the southwest and northwest in summer and autumn. More disease prevention and control measures should be taken in such higher-risk susceptible areas at a certain time to allocate the public health resources rationally, and finally reduce the spread of BD.

Spatio-temporal analysis of bacillary dysentery in Sichuan province, China, 2011-2019

Background: Bacillary dysentery (BD) is a common infectious disease in China and causesenormous economic burdens. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of BD and to identify its possible hot spots and potentially high-risk areas in Sichuan province of China.Methods: The data of BD in Sichuan during 2011-2019 were derived from the China National Disease Surveillance Reporting and Management System. Spatial autocorrelation and spatio-temporal cluster analysis were used to explore the spatial temporal patterns.Results: The annual incidence of BD ranged between 16.13/10 million and 6.17/10 million from 2011 to 2019 in Sichuan. The majority of the cases were children aged 5 years or younger. Regarding temporal analysis, BD showed significant seasonality and mainly concentrated from May to October. Regarding spatial distribution, the epidemics were mainly concentrated in the northwest and southwest of Sichuan. After 2016, the scope of BD significantly narrowed and severe epidemic areas were relatively stable. The spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a high global autocorrelation at the county level.,and the high-high clusters mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest of Sichuan. he spatiotemporal clusters of BD occurred every year from 2011 to 2019. The most likely cluster areas ranged largely, at the beginning, it mainly distributed in the southwest and northwest of Sichuan, and then gradually concentrated in the southwest. The secondary cluster mainly concentrated in the northwest and its surrounding areas. Moreover, the 2nd secondary cluster was relatively small and mainly distributed in the central area. No clusters were noted in eastern Sichuan.Conclusions: Based on our current analysis, BD is still a common challenge in Sichuan, especially for counties in the southwest and northwest in summer and autumn. More disease prevention and control measures should be taken in such higher-risk susceptible areas at a certain time to achieve rational allocation of public health resources, and finally reduce the spread of BD.

Ice fabrics in natural flows: moving away from pure and simple shear

<div>Antarctic ice flow shows deviation from the deformation regimes of pure and simple shear. By analysing the vorticity number from surface velocity data it is found that approximately 80% of the flow is outside these regimes. These deformations are both between pure and simple shear, as well as highly rotational, highlighting the need for fabric predictions away from the commonly studied regimes of pure and simple shear. </div><div>We use the numerical scheme SpecCAF, which has been shown to accurately reproduce experimentally observed fabrics with no free parameters, to study ice fabrics in such general deformations. By exploring the parameter space of temperature and vorticity number, we present a definitive classification of fabrics patterns which arise, and construct a universal regime diagram for ice fabrics under general two-dimensional deformation. We find that intermediate deformations see a smooth transition between a cone-shape fabric and a secondary cluster. We present the first investigation of the fabrics produced in highly rotational deformations, which produce a weak girdle fabric with the axis aligned to the vorticity axis. We also show that across deformation and temperature space fabrics only reach a true steady-state above strains of 200%, and there is significant variation in this across the parameter space.  </div>

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia of Periorbital Tissue Presenting with Cluster-Like Headache

Secondary cluster-like headache has been reported in association with various underlying diseases. A 20-year-old man came with right-sided headache that started 1 month ago. Initially, his headache was compatible with diagnostic criteria of episodic cluster headache. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple enhancement lesions in right frontal bone and periorbital area. With bone marrow biopsy, we confirmed that B-lymphoblastic leukemia relapsed. We describe an unusual case with cluster-like headache caused by acute lymphocytic leukemia infiltration of periorbital tissue.

Cluster tic syndrome and other combinations of primary headaches with trigeminal neuralgia

Cluster tic syndrome (cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia) and other combined tic syndromes are very rare and heterogeneously described as case reports in the literature. Three types of cluster tic syndromes can be distinguished: (i) simultaneously occurring trigeminal neuralgia and cluster headache according to the ICHD-2 criteria (most frequent); (2) attacks not fulfilling criteria for either cluster headache or trigeminal neuralgia but having features of both; (iii) secondary cluster tic syndrome. Trigeminal neuralgia can also co-occur with paroxysmal hemicrania (paroxysmal hemicrania tic) and with SUNCT. In case of co-occurrence of two primary headache syndromes, a combination of separate treatments aimed at the two headache syndromes is recommended. The pathophysiology of the tic combination syndromes is unknown.

Latency and Power Aware Reliable Intrusion Detection System for Ensuring Network Security in Military Applications

Intrusion detection system is a most concerned research area which needs to be detected earlier to avoid the unwanted network errors and problems. The accurate and reliable intrusion detection is a most focused research problem in various domains which is found to be more difficult issue. This is focused and resolved in the previous research work namely Prioritization Based Delay Avoided Secured and Reliable Data Transmission Method (PBDASRDT). However, this research method doesn’t focus on the energy conservation parameters. And also previous work doesn’t discuss about the security provisioning methods. This is focused and resolved in this research method by introducing the method namely Latency and Power aware Reliable Intrusion Detection System (LP-RIDS). In this research method latency and power consumption of servers in which intrusion detection is performed is reduced considerably by introducing the secondary cluster head selection process. This secondary cluster head can perform the energy management of IDS servers optimally between the nodes and gateway. And then security of the intrusion detection system is enhanced by introducing the dynamic key based encryption technique. Here the dynamic key generation process is done in the secondary cluster head and the encryption is done by using AES technique. This methodology can improve the network performance considerably by detecting the attacks more accurately with reduced latency and delay. The overall evaluation of the research method is done in the NS2 simulation environment from which it is proved that the proposed research method leads to ensure the enhanced outcome than the existing research methods. This method proved to provide the protection from the denial of service attacks in the efficient way, thus ensuring security with reduced computational cost

Новый подход к анализу фазового состава углеродсодержащих материалов методом времяпролетной вторично-ионной масс-спектрометрии

New possibilities offered by the method of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for analysis of the phase composition of carbon-containing materials are considered. Differences are established between the mass spectra of three carbon phases: diamond, diamond-like carbon (DLC), and graphite. A simple algorithm for the quantitative determination of different phases in two-phase systems diamond–graphite and DLC–graphite is proposed that is based on the measurement of relative intensities of secondary cluster ions such as C_8/C_5 and CsC_8/CsC_4. It is shown that nonuniform depth profiles of various carbon phases are formed in diamond structures upon laser cutting and in DLC structures upon thermal annealing.