Supplemental Material: Airblasts caused by large slope collapses

Figure S1. Sequence of satellite images showing the evolution of Yumthang rock avalanche; Figure S2. (A) View of the detachment zone of the Yumthang rock avalanche. Main discontinuities are indicated. (B) Hillshade with indication of the main sets of iscontinuities. The arrows indicate the downstream direction of the valleys. (C) Stereographic plots (Equal angle, lower hemisphere) with the kinematic analysis overlain. (D) General hillshade and satellite image showing the location of the detachment zone at the confluence of two valleys; Figure S3. Picture and schematic illustration of airblast interacting with the tree trunk on the distal part of the Yumthang airblast damage area; Table S1. Main discontinuities affecting the granite at the Yumthang headscarp.

Supplemental Material: Airblasts caused by large slope collapses

Figure S1. Sequence of satellite images showing the evolution of Yumthang rock avalanche; Figure S2. (A) View of the detachment zone of the Yumthang rock avalanche. Main discontinuities are indicated. (B) Hillshade with indication of the main sets of iscontinuities. The arrows indicate the downstream direction of the valleys. (C) Stereographic plots (Equal angle, lower hemisphere) with the kinematic analysis overlain. (D) General hillshade and satellite image showing the location of the detachment zone at the confluence of two valleys; Figure S3. Picture and schematic illustration of airblast interacting with the tree trunk on the distal part of the Yumthang airblast damage area; Table S1. Main discontinuities affecting the granite at the Yumthang headscarp.

Supplemental Material: The western Hayfork terrane: Remnants of the Middle Jurassic arc in the Klamath Mountain province, California and Oregon

<div>Figure S1: Representative structural section of western Hayfork terrane in the Boise Saddle area, with a lower-hemisphere stereogram of poles to bedding. Figure S2: Outcrop photos of western Hayfork terrane taken along the measured section indicated in Figure 1. A. Cobble-rich lahar deposit. B. Laminated crystal-lithic arenite. Table S1: Locations and lithology of analyzed samples. Table S2: Calculated temperatures and pressures of augite and amphibole crystallization. Table S3: Major-element compositions of clinopyroxene. Table S4: Major-element compositions of amphibole. Table S5: Trace-element compositions of clinopyroxene and amphibole. Table S6: Bulk-rock compositions of the Forks of Salmon pluton.<br></div><div><br></div>

Supplemental Material: The western Hayfork terrane: Remnants of the Middle Jurassic arc in the Klamath Mountain province, California and Oregon

<div>Figure S1: Representative structural section of western Hayfork terrane in the Boise Saddle area, with a lower-hemisphere stereogram of poles to bedding. Figure S2: Outcrop photos of western Hayfork terrane taken along the measured section indicated in Figure 1. A. Cobble-rich lahar deposit. B. Laminated crystal-lithic arenite. Table S1: Locations and lithology of analyzed samples. Table S2: Calculated temperatures and pressures of augite and amphibole crystallization. Table S3: Major-element compositions of clinopyroxene. Table S4: Major-element compositions of amphibole. Table S5: Trace-element compositions of clinopyroxene and amphibole. Table S6: Bulk-rock compositions of the Forks of Salmon pluton.<br></div><div><br></div>

Shape-Morphing Space Frame (SMSF) Using Quadrilateral Bistable Unit-Cell Elements

This paper presents a new concept: a Shape-Morphing Space Frame (SMSF) using quadrilateral bistable unit-cell elements. The unit-cells are composed of either eight-bar or seven-bar mechanisms in which design constraints, system of elimination and graph theory are used to design, as a proof of concept, a disk like structure with the ability to morph into a sphere. Or specifically, the circumference of a disk structure is approximated by a ten-sided polygon that would then morph into a hollow sphere structure that is approximated by 60-sided polyhedron. The disk-to-sphere structure is tessellated into ten sides for the latitudes circles and 12 sides for the longitude circles; the disk’s thickness and radius are chosen at the design stage. The strategy in morphing the initial shape of the structure (disk) into its final shape (sphere) is that the radial lines on the surface of the disk bend but do not stretch, whereas the circumferential lines compress. Moreover, the radial lines on the disk become longitude lines on the sphere and the circumferential lines become latitude lines on the sphere. The disk’s thickness splits in half, the upper half becomes the thickness of the upper hemisphere and the lower half becomes the thickness of the lower hemisphere. The concept was successfully prototyped and actuation forces were measured.

Observations of multi-microsecond VHF pulsetrains in energetic intracloud lightning discharges

Certain intracloud lightning discharges emit energetic, multi-microsecond pulsetrains of radio noise. Observations of this distinctive form of lightning date from 1980 and have involved both ground-based and satellite-based radio recording systems. The underlying intracloud lightning discharges have been referred to as "Narrow Bipolar Pulses", "Narrow Bipolar Events", and "Compact Intracloud Discharges". An important discriminant for this species of radio emission is that, in the range above ~30 MHz, it consists of several microseconds of intense radio noise. When the intracloud emission is viewed from a satellite, each radio pulsetrain is received both from a direct lightning-to-satellite path, and after some delay, from a path via ground. Thus one recording of the radio emission, if of sufficient length, contains the "view" of the intracloud emission from two different angles. One view is of radiation exiting the emitter into the upper hemisphere, the other for radiation exiting into the lower hemisphere. However, the propagation conditions are similar, except that one path includes a ground reflection, while the other does not. One would normally expect a stereoscopic double view of the "same" emission process to provide two almost congruent time series, one delayed from the other, and also differing due to the different propagation effects along the two signal paths, namely, the ground reflection. We present somewhat unexpected results on this matter, using recordings from the FORTE satellite at a passband 118–141 MHz, with simultaneous data at 26–49 MHz. We find that the 118–141 MHz pulsetrain's detailed time-dependence is completely uncorrelated between the two views of the process. We examine statistics of the 118–141 MHz pulsetrain's integrated power and show that the power emitted into the lower hemisphere, on average, exceeds the power emitted into the upper hemisphere. Finally, we examine statistical measures of the amplitude distribution and show that the 118–141 MHz signal emitted downward is slightly more dominated by discrete, temporally-narrow impulses than is the signal emitted upward.

A weakly coordinating anion as a tripodal “Br3”-ligand for platinum(IV) — Structure of [(closo-CB11H6Br6)PtMe3]

Synthesis, structure, and NMR spectroscopic data for [(closo-CB11H6Br6)PtMe3] are reported. This neutral platinum(IV) complex contains the closo-CB11H6Br6– anion bonded to the trimethylplatinum(IV) cation via three boron-bound bromines. Closo-CB11H6Br6–, which often acts as weakly coordinating or even non-coordinating anion, adopts here a role still very rare for this anion: it acts as a tripodal capping ligand enabling a pseudo-octahedral geometry at a d6 metal center. Three bromines from the lower hemisphere of the hexahalogenated carboranate coordinate to Pt(IV), and distortions from ideal octahedral angles at Pt are marginal (<3°). Pt-Br bond lengths are 2.7279(18), 2.7129(17), and 2.7671(18) Å. Using the 2JPtH coupling constant of Pt-bonded methyl groups (79.0 Hz) as indicator of the donor strength of the tripodal cap, the prediction is obtained that closo-CB11H6Br6– is a relatively weak donor toward the trimethylplatinum(IV) cation. Ligand competition equilibria can be expected to depend on both the intrinsic donor strengths of competing ligands and on the effects of charge and geometry. We observe that closo-CB11H6Br6– is capable of replacing acetone from Me3Pt(acetone)3+, whereas BF4– counterion is unable to replace acetone under similar conditions.Key words: non-coordinating anion, platinum(IV), trimethyl, closo-carboranate, tripodal, trans-influence, NMR spectroscopy.

Application of the Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Ullmann Cross-Coupling Reaction in a Total Synthesis of (±)-Aspidospermidine and thus Representing an Approach to the Lower Hemisphere of the Binary Indole - Indoline Alkaloid Vinblastine

As part of ongoing studies directed towards the construction of the anti-cancer agent vinblastine (1), the related but structurally less complex natural product aspidospermidine (3) has been synthesized. Two approaches to target 3 were pursued. In the first, which was unsuccessful, the amine-tethered enone 6 was prepared but this failed to engage in the pivotal intramolecular conjugate addition reaction to give the bicyclic system 5. In contrast, the related compound 46, incorporating tethered enone and azide moieties, engaged in an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction to give, presumably via an intermediate triazoline, the isolable and ring-fused aziridine 47. This was then converted, over two steps, into the previously reported tetrahydrocarbazole 4. Application of established protocols to this last compound allowed for the installation of the E-ring of the title alkaloid 3 and completion of the total synthesis.

Heat Transfer of Melting Nonadecane Spheres in Natural Convection of Water

This paper deals with experimental and analytical heat transfer study of nonadecane spheres melting in natural convection of water. Experimental local and average heat transfer coefficients were obtained by analyzing photo images of the shape transformation of the nonadecane spheres. The relevant dimensionless parameters were varied in the ranges of 1.8×107 ≤ Grn·Prn ≤ 1.8×108 and 0.04 ≤ CnΔT/Ln ≤ 0.16. We found that (1) the melting nonadecane sphere was covered with thin nonadecane liquid film flowing upwards along the sphere to make a liquid cap on the top. The cap regularly repeated formation and splitting off, (2) on the lower hemisphere the experimental local heat transfer coefficients were slightly higher than the analytical ones and on the upper hemisphere the experimental local heat transfer coefficients were slightly lower than the analytical ones, and (3) the experimental average Nusselt number was correlated by Nu = 0.151 (Grn·Prn)0.257(CnΔT/Ln)0.117 that was in good agreement with the theoretical one.