IDENTIFIKASI DAN ISOLASI SENYAWA LIKOPEN DARI SEMANGKA (CITRULLUS LANATUS)

ABSTRACTLycopene is one of the phytochemical compounds of the carotenoid group, the main producer of red pigments found in watermelons. Watermelon is a round-shaped vines containing vitamin C and vitamin A and has high antioxidant levels. This study aims to identify lycopene compounds in watermelons. Extraction of watermelon flesh by maceration method. Identification of lycopene compounds with UV-Visibel spectrophotometry instrument followed by identification with the TLC method and fractionation of extracts using preparative TLC with chloroform: ethanol (1: 1) solvents, and identification of fractionation results with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results of the identification of watermelon fruit extract using the TLC method obtained three spots and the results of UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed three peaks namely between 440-520 nm. The identification of fractionation of watermelon extract using FT-IR obtained a constituent group of lycopene structures, but did not show the R-CH = CH-R group that is owned by lycopene, whereas the results of the test with UV-Vis spectrophotometry appearing at 206 and 245 which indicate the presence of other compounds. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the testing of known extracts of watermelon fruit contains lycopene compounds, but the testing of lycopene identification on the results of fractionation of watermelon fruit extracts was not found with certainty the existence of lycopene because the FT-IR results were only shown and contained on the results UV-Vis spectrophotometry was found to be the wavelength of other compounds.keywords: Watermelon, Lycopene, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, IR Spectrophotometry

Interpreting Multilingual Legislation

This chapter discusses the intricacies of interpreting multilingual legal texts. Multiplicity of legal languages potentially amplifies linguistic indeterminacy, which in turn contributes to legal indeterminacy. It would be a nightmare for a bilingual or multilingual jurisdiction if the application of two or more language versions of the law to the same case leads to two or more different legal outcomes. Such legal indeterminacy could give rise to chaos. Indeed, these nightmares have periodically haunted bilingual and multilingual jurisdictions. Established rules of legal interpretation, having been derived with the assumption that there is only one official text of the law, are not always helpful in resolving interpretation problems in a multilingual jurisdiction. In multilingual jurisdictions, the authority of the law is shifted away from the text that represents it. The cost of linguistic inclusivity is that each constituent group of a multilingual jurisdiction has to surrender predictability of legal outcome derivable from a single version of the law.

THE ELECTORAL CONNECTION IN AN OPEN-LIST PR SYSTEM: INFORMAL CONSTITUENCIES, BUDGET AMENDMENTS AND PUBLIC POLICIES IN RIO DE JANEIRO

This article aims to highlight the effects of the electoral connection on the behavior of Brazilian legislators, examining specifically the Rio de Janeiro chamber of councillors. The analysis covers the fourteen-year period from 1997 and 2010. The decisive influence of the electoral connection on the councillors’ process of decision making in relation to the financing of public policies is presented through a set of multiple regressions. The results show contrasts between the mutually excluding perspectives of comparatists and specialists in Brazil. A more diversified description of the electoral connexion in OLPR system emerge. The discoveries show that the transformation of the constituent group from several formal members into many informal groups accommodates geographical and non-geographical representations. Although focused on Brazil, this article approaches a gap in the literature about OLPR systems, which are adopted in other aspects of national elections, in places such as Peru and Colombia, and in subnational elections, as in many states from Germany.

Environment effect on diversity in quality and quantity of essential oil of different wild populations of Kerman thyme

Thymus (thyme) is one of the most important genera with regard to the number of species within the family Lamiaceae. Kerman thyme (Thymus carmanicus Jalas) is an endemic Iranian species, intensively utilized because of its wide ranging medicinal and culinary properties. Aerial parts of T. carmanicus collected from various altitudes including 2000-2500, 2500-3000, and 3000- 3500 m above sea level in Zagros Mountains, Kerman province, South Iran. The yellow oil yields ranged between 0.80 to 1.10% (v/w) for populations collected from various elevations and for the populations collected from various regions ranged between 0.55-1.61% (v/w). GC-MS analyses revealed compounds, constituting 92.2-99.9% of total essential oils. The major constituents of essential oils were carvacrol (47.6-57.9%), thymol (8.3-19.0%), ?-terpinene (7.3-7.9%) and p-cymene (4.4-7.6%), that monoterpenes, especially oxygenated monoterpenes was the main constituent group in essential oil from the aerial parts of T. carmanicus. The results of current study indicated that increasing elevation decreased thymol content in essential oils of the wild populations of T. carmanicus.

A Update of Archaeological Investigations at the Tyson Site (41SY92)

In recent years, much of the research concerning prehistoric and historic Caddoan lifeways has focused on socio-political organization and community structure. Models have been proposed to predict the character of the archaeological record based on European observations of Caddo an life during the 17th-19th centuries. A brief review of these models is warranted to provide the necessary background for interpreting the results of recent archaeological work at an interesting 15th century site in Deep East Texas. Story and Creel have developed an integrative model to describe Hasinai Caddo "settlement patterns, socio-political organization, and intergroup interactions" based on ethnographic and archaeological data. The smallest component within their model was the layout of individual hamlets, with these being integrated into communities (as exemplified by the Deshazo Site). A number of these individual settlements --along with short-term use sites, community cemeteries, and a lesser political/ritual center (e.g., the residence of the caddi or village headman)-- reflected a "constituent group" in the next level of group organization.

On the characteristic vibrations of the NH2 group

The group frequency factorization procedure developed by King and Crawford (1) for the reduction in size of a vibrational secular determinant, by factorizing from it those frequencies that are characteristic of a constituent group, and subsequently extended by us (2), has now been successfully applied to NH2 group vibrations.The method is exemplified by the skeletal vibrations of methylamine, for which satisfactory results are obtained on factorization from the secular determinant of frequencies that are characteristic of both NH2 and CH3 groups.