GNSS Imaging of Strain Rate Changes and Vertical Crustal Motions over the Tibetan Plateau

In this paper, we perform a comprehensive analysis of contemporary three-dimensional crustal deformations over the Tibetan Plateau. Considering that the coverage of continuous GNSS sites in the Tibetan Plateau is sparse, a newly designed method that mainly contains Spatial Structure Function (SSF) construction and Median Spatial Filtering (MSF) is adopted to conduct GNSS imaging of point-wise velocities, which can well reveal the spatial pattern of vertical crustal motions. The result illustrates that the Himalayan belt bordering Nepal appears significant uplift at the rates of ~3.5 mm/yr, while the low-altitude regions of Nepal and Bhutan near the Tibetan Plateau are undergoing subsidence. The result suggests that the subduction of the Indian plate is the driving force of the uplift and subsidence in the Himalayan belt and its adjacent regions. Similarly, the thrusting of the Tarim Basin is the main factor of the slight uplift and subsidence in the Tianshan Mountains and Tarim Basin, respectively. In addition, we estimate the strain rate changes over the Tibetan Plateau using high-resolution GNSS horizontal velocities. The result indicates that the Himalayan belt and southeastern Tibetan Plateau have accumulated a large amount of strain rate due to the Indian-Eurasian plate collision and blockage of the South China block, respectively.

2:1 Atrioventricular Block and Severe Hypotension Due to Wild Honey Poisoning: A Case Report

Wild Honey poisoning is caused by ingestion of wild honey obtained from the nectar of some species of Rhododendron, consuming leaves and flowers of Rhododendron found in the higher altitudes of Nepal which has traditionally been used by indigenous people of Nepal especially Himalayan belt of Nepal for its medicinal properties. The cause of poisoning is the toxin called grayanotoxin which is a naturally occurring sodium channel toxin that leads to life threatening bradycardia, hypotension and altered mental status but sometime it may present with rare life threatening atrioventricular block and cardiovascular collapse. Wild honey intoxication has widely been reported from Turkey, regions around the Black sea, Austria, Korea and some cases from Nepal. Wild honey poisoning is not the uncommon presentation to emergency department of Chitwan Medical College as it is located to central part of Nepal. We report a case of wild honey poisoning who was referred to our hospital with arrhythmia and hypotension. Keywords: 2:1 Atrioventricular block, Grayanotoxin, Hypotension, Nepal, Wild honey.

Origin of potassic postcollisional volcanic rocks in young, shallow, blueschist-rich lithosphere

Potassium-rich volcanism occurring throughout the Alpine-Himalayan belt from Spain to Tibet is characterized by unusually high Th/La ratios, for which several hypotheses have brought no convincing solution. Here, we combine geochemical datasets from potassic postcollisional volcanic rocks and lawsonite blueschists to explain the high Th/La. Source regions of the volcanic melts consist of imbricated packages of blueschist facies mélanges and depleted peridotites, constituting a new mantle lithosphere formed only 20 to 50 million years earlier during the accretionary convergence of small continental blocks and oceans. This takes place entirely at shallow depths (<80 km) without any deep subduction of continental materials. High Th/La in potassic rocks may indicate shallow sources in accretionary settings even where later obscured by continental collision as in Tibet. This mechanism is consistent with a temporal trend in Th/La in potassic postcollisional magmas: The high Th/La signature first becomes prominent in the Phanerozoic, when blueschists became widespread.

Mapping tectonic strain in the central Alpine-Himalayan Belt with Sentinel-1 InSAR and GNSS observations

&lt;p&gt;Geodetic measurements of crustal deformation provide crucial constraints on a region&amp;#8217;s tectonics, geodynamics and seismic hazard. However, such geodetic constraints have traditionally been hampered by poor spatial and/or temporal sampling, which can result in ambiguities about how the lithosphere accommodates strain in space and time, and therefore where and how often earthquakes might occur. High-resolution surface deformation maps address this limitation by imaging (rather than presuming or modelling) where and how deformation takes place. These maps are now within reach for the Alpine-Himalayan Belt thanks to the COMET-LiCSAR InSAR processing system, which performs large-scale automated processing and time-series analysis of Sentinel-1 InSAR data. Expanding from our work focused on Anatolia, we are combining LiCSAR products with GNSS data to generate high-resolution maps of tectonic strain rates across the central Alpine-Himalayan Belt. Then, assuming that the buildup rate of seismic moment (deficit) from this geodetically-derived strain is balanced over the long term by the rate of moment release in earthquakes, we pair these strain rate maps with seismic catalogs to estimate the recurrence intervals of large, moderate and small earthquakes throughout the region. We also use arguments from dislocation modeling to identify two key signatures of a locked fault in a strain rate field, allowing us to convert the strain maps to &amp;#8220;effective fault maps&amp;#8221; and assess the contribution of individual fault systems to crustal deformation and seismic hazard. Finally, we address how to expand these approaches to the Alpine-Himalaya Belt as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;

A STUDY ON CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL (DMCH), LAHERIASARAI, BIHAR

Background: Chromoblastomycosis, a chronic subcutaneous mycosis, is caused by several dematiaceous Fungi, the most common being Fonsecaea pedrosoi. A majority of cases from India have been reported from the sub-Himalayan belt and South India. Aim: The aim was to study chromoblastomycosis in around Darbhanga reason of Bihar including demographic and clinicomycological prole. Materials and Methods: This report is a retrospective hospital record-based analysis of all cases of chromoblastomycosis who presented to the dermatology outpatient department of our tertiary care hospital during the past 3 years. Results : A total of 11 cases of chromoblastomycosis were diagnosed during the above period. The disease was seen predominantly in middle-aged male. The lower extremity (72.7%) was more commonly affected. Verrucous and nodular lesions are the common clinical presentation. Sclerotic bodies are demonstrated in potassium hydroxide mount and histopathological section in 81.8% and 90.9% cases, respectively. The causative fungus was isolated in 90.9% and cass with F. pedrosoi, as the most common species