Climate-Based Modeling and Prediction of Rice Gall Midge Populations Using Count Time Series and Machine Learning Approaches

The Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason)) is a major insect pest in rice cultivation. Therefore, development of a reliable system for the timely prediction of this insect would be a valuable tool in pest management. In this study, occurring between the period from 2013–2018: (i) gall midge populations were recorded using a light trap with an incandescent bulb, and (ii) climatological parameters (air temperature, air relative humidity, rainfall and insulations) were measured at four intensive rice cropping agroecosystems that are endemic for gall midge incidence in India. In addition, weekly cumulative trapped gall midge populations and weekly averages of climatological data were subjected to count time series (Integer-valued Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic—INGARCH) and machine learning (Artificial Neural Network—ANN, and Support Vector Regression—SVR) models. The empirical results revealed that the ANN with exogenous variable (ANNX) model outperformed INGRACH with exogenous variable (INGRCHX) and SVR with exogenous variable (SVRX) models in the prediction of gall midge populations in both training and testing data sets. Moreover, the Diebold–Mariano (DM) test confirmed the significant superiority of the ANNX model over INGARCHX and SVRX models in modeling and predicting rice gall midge populations. Utilizing the presented efficient early warning system based on a robust statistical model to predict the build-up of gall midge population could greatly contribute to the design and implementation of both proactive and more sustainable site-specific pest management strategies to avoid significant rice yield losses.

Highly Efficient Candlelight Organic Light-Emitting Diode with a Very Low Color Temperature

Low color temperature candlelight organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are human and environmentally friendly because of the absence of blue emission that might suppress at night the secretion of melatonin and damage retina upon long exposure. Herein, we demonstrated a lighting device incorporating a phenoxazine-based host material, 3,3-bis(phenoxazin-10-ylmethyl)oxetane (BPMO), with the use of orange-red and yellow phosphorescent dyes to mimic candlelight. The resultant BPMO-based simple structured candlelight organic LED device permitted a maximum exposure limit of 57,700 s, much longer than did a candle (2750 s) or an incandescent bulb (1100 s) at 100 lx. The resulting device showed a color temperature of 1690 K, which is significantly much lower than that of oil lamps (1800 K), candles (1900 K), or incandescent bulbs (2500 K). The device showed a melatonin suppression sensitivity of 1.33%, upon exposure for 1.5 h at night, which is 66% and 88% less than the candle and incandescent bulb, respectively. Its maximum power efficacy is 23.1 lm/W, current efficacy 22.4 cd/A, and external quantum efficiency 10.2%, all much higher than the CBP-based devices. These results encourage a scalable synthesis of novel host materials to design and manufacture high-efficiency candlelight organic LEDs.

Appropriate assessment of disparity in some electrical parameters of selected bulbs

The complaints, worries and dissatisfactions accrued to bulb users prompted the quest of this research. The objective of the research is to suitably assess few electrical parameters of bulbs available in the market in order to have an experimental proof of the disparity in their ratings. In the research experimental data, incandescent bulbs (100W and 200W), LED bulb (5W) and CFL bulb (40W) (of different powers) were selected for evaluation. The power and lux of the bulbs were measured and compared correspondingly using the incandescent bulbs as reference bulbs for lux comparison. The new double T8 full range & ac/dc power meter with dimmer was instrument used to measure power and other associated electrical parameters (current and voltage) of the bulbs. The measurement results show that incandescent bulb of 100W measured 60.1W and the 200W measured 184.0W. The power of the 5W LED and 40W CFL bulbs measured 7.2W and 22.2W respectively. On this note, it is invariably obvious that there exists disparity in power rating of the bulbs accessible in our present day market. The digital luxmetre was used to measure lux (luminous flux per unit area or lumen per metre square) of the bulbs. In the lux measurement, the luxmetre’s sensor was placed 50cm away from the bulb’s position to obtain exact or close values to original bulbs’ lux. Consequential to the bulbs lux comparisons, the lux value of 5W LED and 40W CFL bulbs have illuminances of 507lm/m2 and 568lm/m2 respectively higher than lux of 100W incandescent bulb. Hence, lux values of the LED and CFL bulbs measurements fall in-between lux values of 100W and 200W incandescent bulbs. Critical evaluation of the results tends to establish that luminosity (luminous flux per area) of bulb does not depend on power.

TEST BENCH SOLAR POWER MEASUREMENT

Nowadays, Solar power is utilized more in <i>domestic</i>, commercial, and industrial applications. Solar energy is renewable energy which is produced from sun heat. In 2020 India solar installed capacity was 34,627 MW. In this paper developed an experimental setup for solar panel power measurement. In this current, voltage and light intensity has been measured. Declination angle of sun to earth is +23.5°degrees, -23.5°degrees. The model of sun is represented by an incandescent bulb light and the angles set up manually. In this explained about solar power output at load side and see the variation between power and load resistance. Solar panel is generated power by light intensity applied by using incandescent light bulb. The light intensity changed by using a voltage regulator. The power is measured by using voltmeter and ammeter readings. Solar energy is to emulate the solar panel output power characteristics. The model of sun was taken as an incandescent bulb light and placed on the circular iron track to change east to the west. By changing the position of the bulb and changing the bulb light intensity with the help of the D.C speed regulator. Solar panel is placed in such a way that it freely moves to certain angles. By taking voltmeter and ammeter readings calculate the power. The graph is drawn between resistance versus power, the unique source of energy. The main aim of the paper is. Ensure that the maximum power output occurs at load which is taken as a resistor bank.

TEST BENCH SOLAR POWER MEASUREMENT

Nowadays, Solar power is utilized more in <i>domestic</i>, commercial, and industrial applications. Solar energy is renewable energy which is produced from sun heat. In 2020 India solar installed capacity was 34,627 MW. In this paper developed an experimental setup for solar panel power measurement. In this current, voltage and light intensity has been measured. Declination angle of sun to earth is +23.5°degrees, -23.5°degrees. The model of sun is represented by an incandescent bulb light and the angles set up manually. In this explained about solar power output at load side and see the variation between power and load resistance. Solar panel is generated power by light intensity applied by using incandescent light bulb. The light intensity changed by using a voltage regulator. The power is measured by using voltmeter and ammeter readings. Solar energy is to emulate the solar panel output power characteristics. The model of sun was taken as an incandescent bulb light and placed on the circular iron track to change east to the west. By changing the position of the bulb and changing the bulb light intensity with the help of the D.C speed regulator. Solar panel is placed in such a way that it freely moves to certain angles. By taking voltmeter and ammeter readings calculate the power. The graph is drawn between resistance versus power, the unique source of energy. The main aim of the paper is. Ensure that the maximum power output occurs at load which is taken as a resistor bank.

Arduino-Based Three-Phase Inverter Using Power MOSFET for Application in Microgrid Systems

Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and concerns over climate change have encouraged power generation from sustainable energy based microgrids. And to address the necessity of three-phase inverters in microgrid systems or sustainable-powered households, an Arduino-based three-phase inverter using MOSFET is designed, which converts DC into three-phase AC power. The designed system generates 223V square signals at each phase from a 12V battery through switching of three stages of power MOSFETs using pulse width modulation (PWM) signals at their gates from an Arduino Uno. Each stage of power MOSFETs consists of six transistors making it eighteen in total, which are used to perform the inversion process separately for each three single-phase connections. The system is programmed using an Arduino Uno to generate PWM signals and to keep 120 degrees phase displacement among each phase. Three step-up transformers are coupled at the outputs of MOSFET stages for amplification. The system generates 386.25V of voltage for the three-phase line delivering 0.58A of current using a 60W incandescent bulb at each phase as a load. The design and simulation of the electronic circuit are done by Proteus, and the programming codes are written using Arduino IDE. The designed system is practically contrasted and verified.

Estudio del desempeño de focos de iluminación domestica

Artificial light greatly affects our performance in the environment, being long under it, it is important to make a choice of which is most convenient for us, based on qualities that we seek in them. Incandescent luminaires were the ones that dominated the market for a long time, but they turn out to be the least effective and even uncomfortable in environments. Fluorescent luminaires, on the other hand, are much more comfortable and have better qualities that allow them to function naturally in spaces, but they have a clear disadvantage in containing mercury inside. LED luminaires are essential if you want to choose effective and versatile sources, that can satisfy the different needs of consumers and fulfill the qualities that they require. Despite this, it is important to know the performance of the luminaires. In this work presents the comparison between these three types of luminaires, comparing their efficiency, photometric, colorimetric and electrical characteristics. We compare an incandescent bulb, two fluorescent lamps (savers) and seven LED luminaires, all equivalent to 60W. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clear advantages and disadvantages with special emphasis on the LED luminaires that currently dominate the market.

Reproductive management of the transitional mare

The mare is a seasonally polyoestrous long-day breeder with a physiological breeding season lasting from April–October in the Northern Hemisphere. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the mare is subject to a circannual endogenous rhythm that is primarily regulated by day length. Increasing ambient photoperiod in the spring alters the pattern of melatonin secretion. The resulting stimulation of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion triggers pituitary follicular stimulating hormone release and follicular growth. Exposure of mares in deep anoestrus to a stimulatory photoperiod remains the most successful method of advancing the first ovulation of the season. The most commonly used lighting regimen is providing a fixed length of 15–16 hours of light exposure and 8–9 hours of dark, with a minimum light intensity in a stable of 100-lux (100–200 watt incandescent bulb). Other methods include using an additional 2.5 hours of light beginning at sunset and a pulse lighting system, providing 1 hour of light, 9.5–10.5 hours after the onset of darkness, during the photosensitive phase. Alternatively, the EquilumeTM light masks provide a unilateral LED light source emitting 50 lux of blue-light directly to the eye during the hours after dusk (until 11 pm). Mares that have not been maintained under lights, or that have been exposed to ineffective light therapy, may require therapeutic hormonal intervention to advance the onset of the first ovulation of the season. Many hormone protocols involving progestins, GnRH, dopamine agonists and recombinant luteinising hormone/follicle stimulating hormone have been studied with variable results. Therapy is typically more effective when started either in late transitional mares or following a period of stimulatory artificial photoperiod.

Reproductive management of the transitional mare

The mare is a seasonally polyoestrous long-day breeder with a physiological breeding season lasting from April–October in the Northern Hemisphere. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the mare is subject to a circannual endogenous rhythm that is primarily regulated by day length. Increasing ambient photoperiod in the spring alters the pattern of melatonin secretion. The resulting stimulation of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion triggers pituitary follicular stimulating hormone release and follicular growth. Exposure of mares in deep anoestrus to a stimulatory photoperiod remains the most successful method of advancing the first ovulation of the season. The most commonly used lighting regimen is providing a fixed length of 15–16 hours of light exposure and 8–9 hours of dark, with a minimum light intensity in a stable of 100-lux (100–200 watt incandescent bulb). Other methods include using an additional 2.5 hours of light beginning at sunset and a pulse lighting system, providing 1 hour of light, 9.5–10.5 hours after the onset of darkness, during the photosensitive phase. Alternatively, the EquilumeTM light masks provide a unilateral LED light source emitting 50 lux of blue-light directly to the eye during the hours after dusk (until 11 pm). Mares that have not been maintained under lights, or that have been exposed to ineffective light therapy, may require therapeutic hormonal intervention to advance the onset of the first ovulation of the season. Many hormone protocols involving progestins, GnRH, dopamine agonists and recombinant luteinising hormone/follicle stimulating hormone have been studied with variable results. Therapy is typically more effective when started either in late transitional mares or following a period of stimulatory artificial photoperiod.