Options for Solving the Ecological Problem of the Angara-Yenisei Region

The Angara-Yenisei region is located on the territory of the Yenisei catchment area and together with other great rivers of Siberia and the Far East forms the ecological and assimilation potential of the TRANS-Urals. Its preservation and development are an elements of Russia’s national security. From this point of view, the national project «Ecology» of Russia is critically analyzed, and it is proposed to identify and implement a re-qualification program to solve the environmental problems of the Yenisei and the Angara-Yenisei region. The first, research stage of such a program is recommended to be implemented by academic science at the expense of state sources of funding, and business funds should be attracted at the following stages deployment of the program. The elements of the scientific tools for substantiating the proposed program that have been developed so far in the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering SB RAS are demonstrated

Dinamika Perkembangan Kebudayaan di Persia dan Mesir Kuno

The ancient persians and egyptians were known as the originators and beginnings of modern civilization today in the world, from these two civilizations close to the great rivers. Early in its civilization, Persia developed through warfare and conquest of other areas without war powers and fertile areas the expansion of territory was the only way to make progress. The education of the era was still one of harsh military education and extremely high discipline, because the persians were the main military force to conquer the land rather than technological or scientific advancement. The ancient egyptians are enjoyed a greater cultural and educational culture than the persians because military forces of both land and sea are rather popular. The ancient egyptians were extremely wealthy, supported by natural resources, because they lived along the Nile's regular flood course and caused the region around the river to become fertile and suitable for cultivation.

PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SITUS ARKEOLOGI BAWAH AIR DI KALIMANTAN (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN KALIMANTAN)

Kondisi lingkungan fisik Kalimantan yang terdiri atas dataran rendah berawa dan hutan lebat menyulitkan akses jalan darat. Puluhan sungai besar dan ribuan sungai kecil membelah daratan Kalimantan, sehingga sungai merupakan alat transportasi utama di Kalimantan sejak zaman prasejarah hingga pertengahan abad ke-20 Masehi. Migrasi, ekspedisi militer, penjelajahan, penelitian, kegiatan misionaris, dan perdagangan, dilakukan dengan menggunakan kapal atau perahu menyusuri sungai besar hingga anak-anak sungai ke arah pedalaman. Dalam perjalanannya, banyak kapal/perahu yang mengalami masalah di perjalanan hingga akhirnya tenggelam dan kini menjadi benda yang mengandung nilai penting bagi sejarah dan pengetahuan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja situs tinggalan bawah air di Kalimantan yang sudah diteliti serta bagaimana upaya pelestarian dan pengembangannya. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif interpretatif dengan penalaran induktif. Data yang digunakan merupakan hasil penelitian Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan pada tahun 1997, 2006, dan 2012 yang dilakukan dengan metode survei dan ekskavasi. Ada tiga objek bangkai kapal tenggelam yang pernah di teliti oleh Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan, yaitu kapal dagang Belanda di Sungai Martapura Banjarmasin, kapal Onrust di hulu Sungai Barito, dan bangkai kapal di Sungai Kapuas Kalimantan Tengah. Penelitian arkeologi bawah air terkesan berhenti, sedangkan pelestarian dan pengembangan ketiga objek kapal tenggelam itu hingga kini masih sebatas wacana. Tidak optimalnya penelitian dan pengembangan hasil penelitian karena keterbatasan sumber daya manusia yang fokus ke arkeologi bawah air, serta kurangnya koordinasi antara Pemda dan stake holder untuk pelestarian dan pengembangannya. Wacana pengangkatan kapal tenggelam penting segera ditindaklanjuti, terutama yang bernilai sejarah untuk dimanfaatakan sebagai objek wisata dan bukti perjuangan nenek moyang. Kalimantan's physical environmental conditions are consisting of lowland marshy and dense forests,it make difficult to be accessed by roads. Dozens of great rivers and thousands of small rivers divide the mainland of Borneo, so the river is the main means of transportation in Borneo since prehistory times until the mid-20th century. The migrations, military expeditions, exploration, research, missionary activities, and trades were carried out by boat/ships down the great river to the small rivers to inland. In its journey, many boats or ships are having trouble on the way until it finally sank and now become objects that contain important values for history and knowledge. This article aims to find out what Borneo underwater sites have been studied and how to conserve and develop them. This article uses descriptive interpretive research method with inductive reasoning. The datas used are the archaeological reaserches of Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan in 1997, 2006, and 2012 conducted by survey and excavation method. There are three shipwrecks have been researched, that are in the Martapura River Banjarmasin, Onrust ships in the upstream Barito River, and shipwrecks in the Kapuas River Central Kalimantan. The research of underwater archaeology seems as if stoped, while the preservation and development of these three objects of shipwrecks are still the discourse. The research is not optimal due to the limited human resources whose focus on underwater archeology, and the lack of coordination between the local government and the stakeholders for its preservation and development. The discourse on the appointment of shipwrecks must be followed up immediately, especially those which have historical values to be used as tourist objects and monuments of ancestral struggle.

An Imperial Disaster

The storm came on the night of 31 October. It was a full moon, and the tides were at their peak; the great rivers of eastern Bengal were flowing high and fast to the sea. In the early hours the inhabitants of the coast and islands were overtaken by an immense wave from the Bay of Bengal — a wall of water that reached a height of 40 feet in some places. The wave swept away everything in its path, drowning around 215,000 people. At least another 100,000 died in the cholera epidemic and famine that followed. It was the worst calamity of its kind in recorded history. Such events are often described as "natural disasters." This book turns that interpretation on its head, showing that the cyclone of 1876 was not simply a "natural" event, but one shaped by all-too-human patterns of exploitation and inequality — by divisions within Bengali society, and the enormous disparities of political and economic power that characterized British rule on the subcontinent. With Bangladesh facing rising sea levels and stronger, more frequent storms, there is every reason now to revisit this terrible calamity.