Groundwater and society: fresh submarine groundwater discharge and itsmanagement improvement

The issues of global warming and greenhouse gasses have raised the concern of the people and led to integrate ambitious of using bioenergy in many countries. In this paper, the issues of conventional energy are stated, and the different types of conventional energy resources are discussed including coal, petroleum and natural gas. The process of pulverized coal combustion (PCC) to generate electricity is also studied and discussed in this paper to have a better understanding of the process and the emission of greenhouse gas released from the use of coal to generate conventional energy. The reason of soil contamination and air pollution caused by the refinery process of petroleum is also discussed in this paper and several study cases of the social economic impact caused by the production of natural gas in development countries. Furthermore, the used of bioenergy and different type of bioenergy resource are discussed including biogas, algae biofuel, and biodiesel. The process of algae cultivation for algae biofuel and the study of toxic waste algae strains that can give a negative impact to the environment is studied to avoid harmful substances released to the environment. The potential algae application in different fields is also included to show the benefit of algae biofuel which is flexible and able to contribute to the global economic growth. Lastly, the advantages of using bioenergy are discussed including the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission, improve social economic growth, renewable energy resources and prevent prescribed burning of the forest.

Bioenergy as a prospective energy source in the future

The issues of global warming and greenhouse gasses have raised the concern of the people and led to integrate ambitious of using bioenergy in many countries. In this paper, the issues of conventional energy are stated, and the different types of conventional energy resources are discussed including coal, petroleum and natural gas. The process of pulverized coal combustion (PCC) to generate electricity is also studied and discussed in this paper to have a better understanding of the process and the emission of greenhouse gas released from the use of coal to generate conventional energy. The reason of soil contamination and air pollution caused by the refinery process of petroleum is also discussed in this paper and several study cases of the social economic impact caused by the production of natural gas in development countries. Furthermore, the used of bioenergy and different type of bioenergy resource are discussed including biogas, algae biofuel, and biodiesel. The process of algae cultivation for algae biofuel and the study of toxic waste algae strains that can give a negative impact to the environment is studied to avoid harmful substances released to the environment. The potential algae application in different fields is also included to show the benefit of algae biofuel which is flexible and able to contribute to the global economic growth. Lastly, the advantages of using bioenergy are discussed including the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission, improve social economic growth, renewable energy resources and prevent prescribed burning of the forest.

BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE AS A DIRECTION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE «GREEN» ECONOMY: THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

The article describes environmental aspects of the impact of traditional energy sources on the environment. It is substantiated that energy needs and environmental problems lead to the search for alternative renewable fuels. A comparative analysis of the structure of general supply between traditional and alternative energy sources is done. The current state of production and use of traditional fuels and prospects for the production of biofuels in Ukraine are analyzed. The projected structure of the use of traditional and alternative fuels according to the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035 «Safety, energy efficiency, competitiveness» is presented. The classification of biofuels is provided depending on raw materials: first, second and third generation. Unlike biofuels from crops such as sugar cane and corn (first-generation biofuels), as well as animal and vegetable wastes (second-generation), algae-derived fuels (third-generation biofuels) have many benefits. In particular, this is a greater potential for biofuel production compared to previous systems: a variety of possible fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas and even jet fuel); flexible production technologies. Algae cultivation technologies have been studied: especially cultivation in open reservoirs or in more advanced closed ponds and bioreactors. It is substantiated that algae are most often used for biodiesel production; a comparison of different technologies for its production is made. The foreign experience of algae biofuel production and its usage by various automobile companies and enterprises, as well as the prospects of algae biofuel production in Ukraine are presented. Despite the prospects for the production of the third-generation biofuels, there we think, that the issue of investigation has been not been studied properly by scientists and Ukrainian producers don’t have basic knowledge.

Development of Microalgae-based Biofuels as a Viable Green Energy Source: Challenges and Future Perspectives

This paper presents a comprehensive account of the harvesting and processing technologies of microalgae and their applications in developing biofuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, biogas, syngas, and hydrogen. Microalgae have been reflected as an environmental pollution controlling agent due to their faster growth rate, making them a viable alternative to replace the current uses of non-renewable sources. The significantly large volumes of microalgae culture required for bio products are highlighted as a major concern of the complexity at the harvesting stage. At present, there are hardly any single methods that could generally be applied for processing the broad range of microalgae species with varying characteristics. Improvements are also required to effectively minimize the energy and cost required for the microalgae processing methods to be applicable at a commercial scale. By improving the techniques used at the harvesting stage, the costs associated with further processing steps to produce microalgae-based bio products and biofuels could be reduced. Future studies should also focus on identifying better algae strains that produce a high yield of good quality biofuel to economically viable algae biofuel.

Exploration of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in cyanobacteria for a wide range of algae-based biofuels

Due to high demand in the industry field, fuel supply has been reduced due to overconsumption. Algae served as the most promising biofuels; Cyanobacteria is preferred as a material for producing biodiesel based on the comparative advantage. Cyanobacteria can produce high lipids profiles that can be used to produce biofuel or biodiesel. The present investigation aimed to identify the application of Cyanobacteria that have proposed lipid standards for the algae biofuel industry. Three main objectives are involved in these experiments: to isolate and identify different strains of Cyanobacteria, convert the lipid from microalgae into biodiesel through transesterification, and estimate the proposed lipid standard of Cyanobacteria for the algae biofuel industry. The microalgae involve isolated using a plankton net. The water sample is brought into the lab for the identification of Cyanobacteria. After the Cyanobacteria are identified, the Cyanobacteria undergo mass cultivation to ensure the biomass is enough for lipid screening. After lipid content is identified, the lipid in the Cyanobacteria is extracted and further transesterification process. The GC analysis showed the variation of fatty acid in this cyanobacterium, a saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid. The study also revealed that hexadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid was found in Oscillatoria sp. Lipid screening can determine the quantity of lipid present in the Cyanobacteria to estimate the lipid content for biofuel production.

The Effect of High Fuel Injection Pressure on CRDI Diesel Engine Fueled with Algae Biofuel

Experimental investigations were conducted to determine the performance & emission features of a common rail direct injection (CRDI) system using algae biofuel to aid diesel engine. The algae biofuel-diesel blends were taken in two different proportions, B10 & B15 (10% and 15% of algae biofuel is mixed with diesel on a volumetric approach). The tests were conducted on CRDI diesel engine at various injection pressures from 600 to 1050 bar with the difference of 150 bar. From the results it was exposed that at high fuel injection pressure (1050 bar), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reduced when related with other injection pressures. CO, HC &/smoke density significantly decreases with rise in injection pressures. However, NOx emissions are shown to be increased. At different load conditions, biodiesel algae are associated with higher exhaust gas temperatures.