The Homogeneous Conversion Mechanism of Cellulose Pyrolysis Tar Under the Effect of Steam

Biomass accounts for the largest proportion of rural solid waste with high moisture content, which affects the thermal treatment process. This paper studied the effect of steam on the pyrolysis tar of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by a two-stage fixed bed. The experiments had been carried out under different steam/feedstock mass ratios (S/F= 0, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6) when the first stage was at 600℃, and the second stage was at 800 ℃. The tar content in the syngas was reduced effectively from 6.68% to 2.30% when the S/F was from 0 to 1.6. Under the four S/F conditions, aromatic compounds accounted for more than 80%, which was the largest proportion of tar products. Significantly, formic acid phenyl ester (FAPE) decreased obviously with the growth of S/F. Besides, when the steam content was excessive, the MAHs, such as phenols and indenes, could be further cyclized and aromatized to form PAHs. To further study the removal mechanism of tar, the FAPE was investigated by density functional theory (DFT). It was concluded that the O3-C4 bond of FAPE was most likely to be attacked by the H2O molecule to form phenol, CO2, and H2 directly, among the four possible paths.

The Homogeneous Conversion Mechanism of Cellulose Pyrolysis Tar Under the Effect of Steam

Biomass accounts for the largest proportion of rural solid waste with high moisture content, which affects the thermal treatment process. This paper studied the effect of steam on the pyrolysis tar of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by a two-stage fixed bed. The experiments had been carried out under different steam/feedstock mass ratios (S/F= 0, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6) when the first stage was at 600℃, and the second stage was at 800 ℃. The tar content in the syngas was reduced effectively from 6.68% to 2.30% when the S/F addition was from 0 to 1.6. The steam could promote craking of compounds to form more stable compounds. To further study the removal mechanism of tar, the main tar component, phosphonic acid, (p-hydroxyphenyl-) , was investigated using density functional theory (DFT). It was concluded that intermediate product from cellulose pyrolysis was more likely to react with H 2 O and made against the production of phosphonic acid, (p-hydroxyphenyl-), consistent with the experimental results.

Determinants of Public-Private Partnership Adoption in Solid Waste Management in Rural China

Rural solid waste management is a severe challenge in China. The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is an effective method for rural solid waste management. However, policy efforts aimed at stimulating the adoption of PPP in rural solid waste management have been limited in their success. This study aims to empirically investigate the determinants of rural solid waste management PPP adoption in China. First, this study builds a theoretical model that consists of factors related to the institutional environment and market and proposes theoretical hypotheses. Then, using the balanced provincial panel data of 150 samples from 2015 to 2019, this study applies various count regression models and truncated regression models to empirically test the theoretical hypotheses. The results show that provinces with higher fiscal transparency, financial burdens, and market demand tend to adopt more PPP, while provinces with lower per capita GDP and market openness index ratings have a stronger motivation to initiate more PPP. In contrast, investment institutional environment factors have no impact on PPP adoption. To stimulate the development of PPP in rural solid waste management, this study proposed that a good-governed government and a strong market demand are critical foundations, and also a debt-risk prevention and evaluation system should be established to avoid local debt risks resulting from over-adoption of PPP.

PENGARUH FAKTOR SOSIAL EKONOMI TERHADAP PERILAKU MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH PERDESAAN DI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of age (X1), gender (X2), education (X3), income (X4), employment status (X5), number of household members (X6), and knowledge (X7) towards rural waste management opportunities in West Sumatra Province. This type of research is descriptive and associative research while the type of data is secondary data. The data used is the 2017 SUSENAS data with documentation data collection techniques from the Central Statistics Agency. Analysis of the data used is logistic regression analysis with all respondents totaling 5,996 people. The results showed: (1) Age was not significant to the opportunities for rural solid waste management in West Sumatra Province. (2) Gender is significant for rural waste management opportunities in West Sumatra Province. (3) Significant education towards rural waste management opportunities in West Sumatra Province. (4) Income is not significant to the opportunities for rural waste management in West Sumatra Province. (5) Significant employment status of opportunities for rural solid waste management in West Sumatra Province. (6) The number of household members is not significant to the opportunities for rural waste management in West Sumatra Province. (7) Insignificant knowledge of opportunities for rural solid waste management in West Sumatra Province.

Fuzzy Logic and Statistical Based Modelling to Predict Rural Solid Waste Generation of West Bengal

Waste generation prediction is a vital component to planning of rural solid waste management. Based on the past statistical data mathematical model can be develop but incorporation of new data cannot be done. In this situation advance model need to be developed, which can predict. Fuzzy logic may be one option for develop such model because dynamic and linguistic date can be used as an input parameter. A mathematical model has been developed to predicting the total. Rural waste generation using fuzzy logic if west Bengal study area. House hold, population, per capita income, district wise domestic product, literacy rate were considered as an independent variable for predicting rural solid waste generation. To described the dependent and independent variable triangular and trapezoidal shaped membership function are used. To described the defuzzification centroid method has been applied. Initially two input variables have been used to identify the correlation with rural solid waste generation Finally all input variable considered for the mathematical model. Per-capita waste generation in rural west Bengal average 150 to 300 gm/day. The statistical analysis rebuilds that age group wise population and income model is the best fitted model.

Coordinative Urban-Rural Solid Waste Management: A Fractional Dual-Objective Programming Model for the Regional Munifcipality of Xiamen

A linear fractional programming based solid waste management planning model was proposed and applied to support the planning of urban-rural solid waste management in Xiamen, China. The model could obtain the best system efficiency while solving the tradeoff between economic and environmental objectives. It aimed to effectively address the urban and rural solid waste management planning through minimizing the system cost and optimizing system efficiency in the developed model framework. Through the model, the optimal waste flow for each facility was obtained, and the problem of overburdened landfill in Xiamen’s urban and rural solid waste management system was solved. The solutions for waste allocation and facility capacity expansion were provided for Xiamen’s urban and rural solid waste management. The planning results showed that about 42.44 × 106 tons of waste would be diverted to other facilities from landfills over the planning period of 2018-2032, and the waste diversion rate would reach 97%, which would greatly reduce the burden on landfills. The economic efficiency of waste diversion would be 5.07 × 103 ton per 106 RMB. All the capacities of Xiamen’s urban and rural solid waste management facilities including incinerators, composting plant, and landfills should be expanded because of increasing waste production rate.