The diversity of bird species based on the altitude of the protected forest area in Sirimau Mountain in Soya Village - Ambon City

This study is aimed to discover the diversity of bird species based on the altitude of the area and to discover the impact of vegetation as habitat towards the diversity of bird species in protected forest area in Sirimau Mountain in Soya Village located in Ambon City. The method used to discover the diversity of birds was the IPA-method (Indices Ponctuels d’Abondance) while observing the vegetation used the CSS-method (Continous Strip Sampling) alongside the observation paths. The protected forest consists of three area of different altitudes, namely 300 meters above sea level (masl), 400 masl and 500 masl. The bird species found in the protected forest area in Sirimau Mountain in Soya Village as a whole were 16 species. The forest area at 300 masl was found 14 bird species with diversity index (H’) of 2.57, the forest area at 400 masl was found 12 bird species with diversity index (H’) of 2.42, while the forest area at 500 masl was found 11 bird species with diversity index (H’) of 2.10. There were 8 bird species found in every area of three different altitudes that were dominant such as Perling Ungu (Aplonis motalica), Walet Sapi (Collocalia esculenta), Perkicit Pelangi (Trichoglossus haematodus), Pergam Laut (Ducula bicolor), Sesap Madu Sriganti (Nectarinia jugularis), Srigunting Lencana (Dicrucus bracteatus), Nuri Pipi Merah (Geoffreyus geoffreyi) and Tekukur Biasa (Streptopelia hinensis). Meanwhile, the dominant types of vegetation found in the area were Damar (Agathis sp.), Kayu Merah (Eugenia jambolana) and Meranti (Shorea sp.)

In-vitro and in-vivo Evaluation of Anti-asthmatic Activity of Eugenia jambolana bark

Objectives: The present study designed to evaluate the Antiasthmatic activity of aqueous extract of bark of Eugenia Jambolana (AEEJ) on in vitro and in vivo animal models. Materials and methods: Different in vitro and in vivo animal models was used to study the anti asthmatic activity as isolated goat tracheal chain preparation, Acetylcholine and Histamine induced bronconstriction in guinea pigs, effect of drug extract on histamine release from mast cell was checked by clonidine-induced mast cell degranulation, and milk-induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis. Results: In-vitro study on goat tracheal chain preparation revealed that aqueous extract of Eugenia jambolana (AEEJ)bark exerted antagonistic effect on the histamine induced contraction. (P<0.05) The guinea pigs when exposed to 0.2% histamine aerosol showed signs of progressive dyspnoea leading to convulsions. AEEJ significantly prolonged the latent period of convulsions (PCT) as compared to control following the exposure of histamine (0.2%) aerosol (P<0.01). The observation of present study indicates aqueous extract of Eugenia jambolana shows significant inhibition of milk induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis. Group of animals pretreated with aqueous Eugenia jambolana bark extract showed significant reduction in degranulation of mast cells when challenged with clonidine. The prevention of degranulation process by the aqueous Eugenia jambolana bark extract (P<0.01) indicates a possible stabilizing effect on the mast cells, indicating mast cell stabilizing activity. Conclusions: Thus, AEEJ showed antihistaminic, mast cell stabilizing and protective in guinea pigs against histamine induced PCD, reduced eosinophilia and leukocytosis and hence possesses potential role in the treatment of asthma.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of a Novel Polyherbal Preparationagainst Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Rat Model

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder characterised by abnormally elevated glucose levels in the blood. Diabetes is caused by one of two mechanisms: insufficient insulin synthesis (which is produced by the pancreas and reduces blood glucose) or insufficient response of cells to insulin action. The current aim of this research project was to formulate and evaluate the Polyherbal preparation (PHP) of the plants constituted with Cinnamonum zeylanicium (CJ) bark, Eugenia jambolana (EJ) seeds, Vinca rosea (VR) whole plant, Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves and determination of the anti-diabetic potential of the formulation in the animal model induced by Streptozotocin. Methods: Plant components in the current study used were Cinnamonum zeylanicium (CJ) bark, Eugenia jambolana (EJ) seeds, Vinca rosea (VR) whole plant, Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves were collected.Using a hydroalcoholic solvent, physico-chemical parameters and active chemical constituents were evaluated. The active components present in the extracts were identified by Preliminary phytochemical screening. The PHP acute toxicity analysis was conducted in compliance with OECD Guideline 423, with 200 mg/kg and 4000 mg/kg administered orally to rats over 28 days. Results: Diabetes was induced by STZ and treated with PHF did not show any alterations in behavior and no mortality was observed up to the 2000 mg/kg dose level during the interventional period. By oral administration of PHP with a dosage of 200 and 400 mg/kg, OGTT resulted in a steady decrease in blood glucose levels of 68.74±4.63 mg/dl and 63.83±1.74 mg/dl at 180min after the trial which proves that PHP possess anti-diabetic activity. By mixing each extract in varying proportions, PHP was developed and evaluated. PHP (200 and 400mg/kg) antidiabetic activity wasdetermined for streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats and glibenclamide (5.0mg/kg body weight) was used as a standard drug.The investigational drug was administered for 28 days and the blood glucose level effect of the PHP was analysed on the 28th day after the intervention time. Conclusion: The experimental study showed that a persistent and substantial decrease in the average blood glucose level of diabetic rats was observed with repeated administration of PHP and glibenclamide for 28 days. PHP demonstrated substantial antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity similar to the standard drug. The formulation will emerge as a possible mixture that may challenge the synthetic drug.

Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Seeds of Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) in Subjects of Intermediate Hyperglycemia: A Pilot Study

Intermediate hyperglycemia (Prediabetes) is a type of metabolic disorder with slight increase in the blood glucose levels from the normal but not reaching up to the level of diabetes. It is associated with many micro-vascular as well as macro-vascular complications. Abundance of Unani medicines are known for anti-hyperlipidemic activity, among them is Maghz-e-Jamun (Eugenia jambolana). The present study was to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Maghz-e-Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) in intermediate hyperglycemia. Patients diagnosed with prediabetes as per ADA criteria were randomly divided in two groups- group A was supplemented with 4.5g powder /day jamun seed powder in the form of capsules and group B was given placebo capsules. Lipid profile assessment was done at baseline and end of the treatment i.e., 84th day. There is considerable improvement in the lipid profile of the prediabetic subjects enrolled in the study especially significant improvement in total cholesterol level (from 266.47 ± 62.92 to 216.058 ± 40.14 with p value of 0.008**) and LDL (from 189.23 ± 55.07 to 138.58 ± 34.86 with p value of 0.003**). -Maghz-e-Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) show substantial effect on dyslipidemia in the patients of intermediate hyperglycemia.

Comparative Clinical efficacy of Jambu (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) and Kshudra jambu (Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston.) in Youvana pidaka

Aims: To compare the clinical efficacy of mature leaf of Jambu (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) and Kshudra Jambu (Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston.) in the disease Youvana pidaka (Acne vulgaris like skin manifestation).Introduction: Jambu is said to be two varieties Raja and Kshudra based on overall morphology.These two are said to have same properties, are substituted by each other and their leaf are used for the management of Youvana pidaka in folklore practice.Methods: 30 subjects having signs and symptoms of Youvana pidaka were divided into two groups of 15 each. Group A was administered Jambu patra churna (leaf powder) orally and lepa(face pack) externally once a day and Group B was administered Kshudra Jambu patra churna orally and lepa externally once a day, for a duration of 28 days. Results were assessed using objective parameters like global acne grading scale, extent of lesion, size of pidaka (lesion), healing of pidaka, number of comedones, papule, pustules and nodules, and subjective parameters like itching and srava (discharge) of pidaka. Results were interpreted using suitable statistical tests. Important observation: Jambu and Kshudra Jambu showed highly significant improvement in parameters like GAGS score, number of comedones, size of pidaka, and extent of lesion. Kshudra Jambu was slightly more effective in action than Jambu, but it was statistically insignificant. Results: Jambu and Kshudra Jambu are almost equally effective in the management of Youvana pidaka, but Kshudra Jambu has a slightly higher efficacy.

STUDY OF ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL EXTRACT IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which there is defect in insulin secretion high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. The polyherbal extract under study contain extract of Eugenia jambolana (seed) , Citrulus colocynthis (fruit), Terminaliachebula ( Fruit) , Curcuma amada (Rhizome) , Syzigium cumini ( seed) in combination shows decrease in levels enhace gluconeogenesis from protein and Amino acid with accumulation of glycogen in liver. Crude drugs like Eugenia jambolana, Mamordica charantia, Terminalia Chebula, and Black cumini increase secreation of insulin from B-cells of islets of pancrease. The proposed study is to investigate the effectiveness that of combination of these herbs as a polyherbal extract formulation in treatment of type II diabetic model. In the present study, experimental diabetes was induced Alloxan dose 150 mg/kg(Group ll), Diabetic standard diabetic rats were treated with oral dose of (metformin) 10mg/kg (Grouplll), group iv, v, vi) Diabetic rats were treated with an polyherbal extract 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 150mg /kg respectively. Drugs Metformin and polyherbal extract were given once in daily. The dietry regimen for 21 days, during which blood glucose level and lipid profile measured at 0,7,14,21 day of study using blood from rats retroorbital plexus. A high dose (200 mg/kg) of polyherbal extracts treatment group produce significant decrease in plasma glucose level. Keywords: Diabetes, Eugenia jambolana, Citrulus colocynthis, Mamordica charantia, Gymnema stylvestre

Grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis) and jambolan (Eugenia jambolana): source of bioactive compounds and viability in the preparation of jams and yogurts

The use of grumixama and jambolan in the preparation of food products is an interesting alternative, when considering the bioactive compounds present and their sensorial characteristics. In order to propagate the consumption of these fruits, both jams and yogurts of grumixama and jambolan were developed. The analysis of moisture content, fixed mineral residue, proteins, lipids, fibers, pH, acidity, and soluble solids were performed on the products obtained. The sensorial acceptability of the products was verified by hedonic scale tests and purchase intention. The influence of the type of processing was verified by the quantification of the total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity. It has been found that the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the products developed are similar to other jams and yoghurts produced with different fruits. Processing grumixama and jambolan into jam reduced the phenolic content from 664.58 to 613.07 and 590.67 to 563.08 mg GAE/100 g, the anthocyanin content from 1.46 to 0.14 and 4.37 to 2.23 mg/100 g, and the antioxidant activity from 1273.25 to 1522.63 and 1292.53 to 1427.23 g sample/g of DPPH, respectively. However, the amount of these compounds in jams is still significant. The acceptability index was over 70% for all products, and majority of the tasters indicated (66% for the jams of grumixama and jambolan, 70% for the yogurt of jambolan and 55% for the yogurt of grumixama) that they would probably or would certainly buy the products, showing that it was well received. Therefore, the results obtained indicate potential use of these fruits in food products.

Total Synthetic Development and Pharmacological Screening of Bioactive Isolated from Syzygium cuminii (l) Skeel

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (or Eugenia jambolana) is a species that belongs to the Myrtaceae family been used empirically to treat various diseases, one of them is antidiabetic. The study reported the phytochemical analysis and pharmacological screening of In-vivo, antidiabetic test conducted on bioactive (separated by column isolation method from aqueous extract) in streptozotocine induced diabetes rat modelling at dose level of 50 g/kg BW, on the basis of TLC and spectral analysis of activity guided bioactive will be chemically designate as 4-(2-amino-2 -(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl butyl) octahydropyrrolo-[1,2-a] pyrazin-7-yl)-ethyl)-2- ethylpheno (ScReX-2), Total synthetic methodology accomplished using key BoC protected, pyrazine and methyl amine followed by condensation with application of simple Diels-alder reaction of fragment by cyclization. The Structure elucidation of the newly synthesized ScReX-2 was performed by means of FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, the antidiabetic activity showed that the effect of synthesized molecule at dose level of 50mg/kg BW was exhibits more potent significantly then glibenclamide to reduce the blood glucose levels subset of the statistics ANOVA (p> 0.05). The study concludes that the synthesized bioactive is having potent antidiabetic activity then compared with isolated molecule as well as glibenclamide.