Rise and Fall of the Anti-Racism Agenda in Brazil from Lula to Bolsonaro

Over the past two decades, the Brazilian state addressed the racial issue by developing a number of anti-racist laws, policies, and institutions. The rise of the anti-racism agenda began with Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s government, growing even greater under Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. Nonetheless, further developments on this agenda have been halted since Michel Temer came to power in 2016, and the agenda as a whole is now undergoing a dismantling mode. This essay discusses how the dismantling of the anti-racism agenda has reverberated into the current institutional, political, and social crisis in Brazil. In consideration of this problem, I map out color-related characteristics of the Brazilian crisis through qualitative and quantitative data ranging from Lula to Bolsonaro years. I use past and present data to compare two processes: the previous shaping and the current dismantling of anti-racist public policies.

Racial Sentiment and Public Support for Arming Teachers with Guns in the United States

In the effort to prevent school shootings in the United States, policies that aim to arm teachers with guns have received considerable attention. Recent research on public support for these policies finds that African Americans are substantially less likely to support them, indicating that support for arming teachers is a racial issue. Given the racialized nature of support for punitive crime policies in the United States, it is possible that racial sentiment shapes support for arming teachers as well. This study aims to determine the association between two types of racial sentiment—explicit negative feelings toward racial/ethnic minority groups and racial resentment—and support for arming teachers using a nationally representative data set. While explicit negative feelings toward African Americans and Hispanics are not associated with support for arming teachers, those with racial resentments are significantly more likely to support arming teachers. Racial resentment also weakens the effect of other variables found to be associated with support for arming teachers, including conservative ideology and economic pessimism. Implications for policy and research are discussed.

Stereotype of Racial issue on #starterpack

Semiotic comes from Greek word which is semeion (sign). Yet, generally, semiotics is a study which concern about the existence of sign in society. We could find sign everywhere, from the form of words, images, objects, etc. Thus, the object of semiotics could be anything. But, Charles Sanders Pierce explain sign in a different way. According to Pierce’s study, something could be categorized into sign if it could be taken part in the triadic relation. Semiotic study is used in analizing the research. The main data of this research is the #starterpack tweets in Twitter. The data used is focused in the #starterpack tweets with white and black people context from 2019-2020. While the supporting data for this research are from the journals, books, internet sources, and dictionaries. To collect the data, the research used the observation method and use note technique. While, the research used the triadic signs in by Charles Sanders Pierce to analyze the data. From the analizing, the researcher got 40 #starterpack tweets with mostly 4 images in it. Those tweets could be divided to 20 white people #starterpack and 20 black people #starterpack tweets. All the data are analyzed with the triadic signs which are signs, objects, and interpretations. The signs that had been analyzed show objects and interpretations which lead to the gap between white and black people. Those gaps then lead to stereotypes on white and black people. Moreover, the data lead to 6 factors of stereotypes. Those factors are nationatility, personal integrity, curiosity, adaptation, homogeneus neighborhood, and common shared information.

Eu sou racista: uma análise discursiva sobre o imbricamento de posições-sujeito

Os embates raciais envolvendo negros e brancos estão presentes na estrutura da sociedade brasileira, em suas instituições, no cotidiano das interações interpessoais, na mídia, sempre materializados em discursos dispersos no tempo e no espaço, circulando socialmente. Pontualmente, a imprensa constitui-se como um aparelho ideológico importante em que questões raciais costumam ser apresentadas a partir de diferentes vieses nos gêneros jornalísticos que a compõem. Mobilizando conceitos pertencentes à Análise do discurso de linha francesa na perspectiva pêcheutiana, pretende-se investigar o funcionamento de um discurso produzido em âmbito jornalístico em que o sujeito discursivo se subjetiva como racista. De que forma o sujeito discursivo constrói o sentido da palavra “racista”? Como esse sujeito é afetado pela linguagem, pela ideologia e pelo inconsciente ao tratar da questão racial? De que posições esse sujeito enuncia e a quais formações discursivas e ideológicas vincula-se? Num país que nega o seu racismo diariamente, em que esse tipo de atitude é sempre atribuído ao outro, um discurso no qual o sujeito se subjetiva como racista merece atenção. Em “Eu sou racista”, pretendemos analisar os modos de constituição desse sujeito implicado em relações históricas e ideológicas conflituosas, muitas vezes marcadas por formações discursivas contraditórias, já que o próprio caráter estrutural do racismo é um fator determinante para a flutuação das posições-sujeito na constituição do discurso e para o deslizamento de sentidos. Palavras-chave: Racismo. Condições de produção. Posições-sujeito. ABSTRACT Racial conflicts involving black and white people are present in the structure of Brazilian society, in its institutions, in the daily life of interpersonal interactions, in the media, those conflicts are always materialized in discourses dispersed in time and space, circulating socially. Occasionally, the press is an important ideological apparatus in which racial issues are usually presented from different biases in the journalistic genres that compose it. By mobilizing concepts belonging to the Discourse Analysis of the French line in the Pêcheux’s perspective, it is intended to investigate the functioning of a discourse produced in a journalistic scope that the discursive subject subjectifies as a racist. How does the discursive subject build the meaning of the word “racist”? How is this subject affected by the language, the ideology and the unconscious when dealing with racial issue? What positions does this subject enunciate and to which discursive and ideological formations does he link? In a country that denies its racism daily, in which this type of attitude is always attributed to the other, a discourse in which the subject subjectifies as a racist deserves attention. In “I’m racist”, we intend to analyze the ways of constitution of this subject involved in conflicting historical and ideological relations, often marked by contradictory discursive formations, since the very structural character of racism is a determining factor for the fluctuation of subject positions in the constitution of the speech and for the sliding of meanings. Keywords: Racism. Conditions of production. Subject positions.

Encontros, Festivais e Mostras - caminhos para construção do cinema negro brasileiro

The article seeks from the realization of the “Afro-Brazilian Cinema Moments Exhibition - Retrospective”, to analyze the process of consolidation of the concept of Black Cinema, and how the specific Encounters, Festivals and Exhibitions strengthened this process. Based on the questions about the image and the place of the black population in film production, we investigated the factors that led to the increase of production made by black filmmakers. In this way, we understand this process as a consequence of the racially defined public policies developed in recent decades, strengthened by the advance and access of new technological mechanisms and apparatuses of production; the establishment of the Association of Black Audiovisual Professionals (APAN); and also the outbreak of contemporary film festivals and shows, shaped around the racial issue in all regions of the country.

Entre negritude e pertencimento: a escrita insurgente de Carolina Maria de Jesus em Diário de Bitita / Between Blackness and Belonging: The Insurgent Writing of Carolina Maria de Jesus in Diário de Bitita

Resumo: A presença do negro no cenário literário brasileiro vem se tornando mais visível nas últimas décadas. Embora no passado esse protagonismo tenha sido mais tímido, principalmente quando se trata da mulher negra, essa presença hoje é bastante expressiva. Carolina Maria de Jesus, apesar do preconceito e da discriminação, é uma das muitas escritoras afrodescendentes que conseguiu destaque no meio literário. Através de sua escrita, mostrou a situação de pobreza, de miséria e de exclusão que sofreu durante sua vida. Dessa forma, o presente artigo objetiva analisar a obra Diário de Bitita (1986), enfocando aspectos como a negritude e o pertencimento. De forma específica, buscou-se entender como a questão racial e a ideia de pertencimento são abordadas na referida obra, além de discutir como Carolina de Jesus lidava com essas questões na sua infância e adolescência. Para tanto, buscou-se como auxílio os aportes teóricos de Cixous (2017), Fanon (2008), Hall (2005), entre outros. Observou-se, através desta análise, que a escrita de Carolina Maria de Jesus é um instrumento utilizado pela escritora para denunciar a situação dos pobres e, principalmente dos negros, diante de uma sociedade dominada por uma concepção eurocêntrica que privilegia os brancos em detrimento dos negros. Diante do preconceito, da discriminação e da exclusão vivenciados por Bitita, muitas vezes ela desejava ter a pele branca para assim poder usufruir dos mesmos direitos de que dispunham os brancos.Palavras-chave: escrita; negritude; pertencimento; Diário de Bitita.Abstract: The presence of blacks in the Brazilian literary scene has become more visible in recent decades. Although in the past this main role was more timid, especially when it comes to black women, this presence today is quite expressive. Carolina Maria de Jesus, despite of prejudice and discrimination, is one of the many Afro-descendant writers who had achieved prominence in the literary medium. Through her writing, she showed the situation of poverty, misery and exclusion she suffered during her life. Thus, this article aims to analyze the work Diário de Bitita (Bitita’s Diary, 1986), focusing on aspects such as blackness and belonging. More specifically, we sought to understand how the racial issue and the idea of belonging are addressed in the referred work, in addition to discussing how the author dealt with these issues in her childhood and adolescence. Therefore, support was sought in the theoretical contributions of Cixous (2017), Fanon (2008), Hall (2005), among others. It was observed that Carolina Maria de Jesus uses her writing as an instrument to denounce the situation of poor and, especially of black people, in the face of a society dominated by an Eurocentric conception that privileges whites over blacks. Facing the prejudice, discrimination and exclusion experienced by Bitita, she often wished to have white skin to enjoy the same rights as white people.Keywords: writing; blackness; belonging; Diário de Bitita.

The Subaltern's Failure of Recognition in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice (1599)

This study seeks to find the struggle of self-recognition from the subaltern group by using the postcolonial psychoanalysis perspective. Shylock and Prince Morocco, considered to be inferior, are dealing with the recognition to make themselves as superior as the dominant class. From the analysis, supported by Fanon’s Black Skin White Mask (1952), recognition is one of the ways for the Other to enter western society. In doing this study, close reading is applied to analyze the following discussion: (1) the racial issue portrayed in The Merchant of Venice; 2) the struggle of the marginalized to gain the recognition; 3) The failure of recognition. Throughout the analysis, both Shylock and Prince Morocco fail to obtain recognition as a way to cross in western society. The constructed society based on western domination does not enable the subaltern to gain their recognition.

Grotesque Character as A Criticism to Racism in Flannery O' Connor's "The Geranium"

Grotesque character commonly refers to Southern Black or Black character who represents “misfit” and “freak” and bad things. Grotesque character is often used in Flannery O’Connor’s short stories to criticize the issues in society. In the short story “The Geranium,” she criticizes the Black racial issue in White society at that time. This paper aims at showing how a White character, Old Dudley, who is considered as having high status, is placed as a grotesque character in the form of a “freak” person with dislocations and hallucination. This paper also intends to show how O’Connor represents Southern, and Northern Black characters legitimated as grotesque or evil in White society indeed have good sides. This study finds out that grotesque is used to address a criticism toward White supremacy on Black subordination and that grotesque is indeed a bad part of the dual quality (good and bad) of all human characters in the short story.

Ivone Lara and the early days of social work in Brazil: lessons for the present

The article presents the pathway of a pioneer ‐ black Brazilian social worker Dona Ivone Lara ‐ as a starting point for establishing some mediations that allow for an understanding of the ethno-racial issue in social work in Brazil. The first part of the article briefly describes Ivone Lara’s career pathway and the second sets out some reflections on the permanence of the ethno-racial issue within social work in Brazil, as evidenced by the invisibility of black women within the profile of the profession. The article reaffirms the importance of revealing the dominant racial ideology in Brazil that shaped the genesis of social work. If the ethno-racial debate is fundamental to the understanding of Brazilian societal formation, it is important to understand how social work has dealt with the theme along its trajectory.