A Short Note Regarding the Number of Bound Molecules of Oxygen to Hemoglobin

Oxygen, a molecule essential to many biological functions in the human body, binds coop?eratively to a protein known as hemoglobin. This cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin can be described by a binding polynomial of degree n = 4. In this paper, I theoretically prove that a molecule of hemoglobin must have at least one molecule of oxygen bound to its subunits at any given point in time. I remove a condition for the equilibrium constants K_R and K_T in the binding polynomial for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. Removing the condition partially proves the proposed statement in this paper. I then make use of the cubic formula to derive the concentration of oxygen for which the number of bound oxygen molecules tohemoglobin is zero, thus completing a comprehensive mathematical justification of the proposed theoretical statement. Through this paper, I hope to provide a further insight into the mechanisms of oxygen and hemoglobin with regards to the respiratory system.

A high-order and fast scheme with variable time steps for the time-fractional Black-Scholes equation

In this paper, a high-order and fast numerical method is investigated for the time-fractional Black-Scholes equation. In order to deal with the typical weak initial singularities of the solution, we construct a finite difference scheme with variable time steps, where the fractional derivative is approximated by the nonuniform Alikhanov formula and the sum-of-exponentials (SOE) technique. In the spatial direction, an average approximation with fourth-order accuracy is employed. The stability and the convergence with second-order in time and fourth-order in space of the proposed scheme are religiously derived by the energy method. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the theoretical statement.

Knowing Groundlessness: An Enactive Approach to a Shift From Cognition to Non-Dual Awareness

The enactive approach has become an influential paradigm in cognitive science. One of its most important claims is that cognition is sense-making: to cognize is to enact a world of meaning. Thus, a world is not pregiven but enacted through sense-making. Most importantly, sense-making is not a fixed process or thing. It does not have substantial existence. Instead, it is groundless: it springs from a dynamic of relations, without substantial ground. Thereby, as all cognition is groundless, this groundlessness is considered the central underlying principle of cognition. This article takes that key concept of the enactive approach and argues that it is not only a theoretical statement. Rather, groundlessness is directly accessible in lived experience. The two guiding questions of this article concern that lived experience of groundlessness: (1) What is it to know groundlessness? (2) How can one know groundlessness? Accordingly, it elaborates (1) how this knowing of groundlessness fits into the theoretical framework of the enactive approach. Also, it describes (2) how it can be directly experienced when certain requirements are met. In an additional reflexive analysis, the context-dependency and observer-relativity of those statements themselves is highlighted. Through those steps, this article exhibits the importance of knowing groundlessness for a cognitive science discourse: this underlying groundlessness is not only the “ground” of cognition, but it also can be investigated empirically through lived experience. However, it requires a methodology that is radically different from classical cognitive science. This article ends with envisioning a future praxis of cognitive science which enables researchers to investigate not only theoretically but empirically the “foundationless foundation” of cognition: groundlessness.

The Humanbecoming Concept Inventing Model: Feeling Ashamed

The scholar in this paper presents a concept inventing model of feeling ashamed. It consists of a literature review across many disciplines, an exploration of many artforms, dialoguing with others, and a distinctive description of feeling ashamed. With the humanbecoming concept inventing model, the scholar explored shame and created a novel idea that could develop approaches in the advancement of nursing knowledge. This exploration advances nursing knowledge within the humanbecoming paradigm. With the use of humanbecoming concept inventing model, the now-truth of feeling ashamed for the scholar was raised as unbearable stillness with desired escape arising with isolating affiliations. The ingenuous proclamation as a theoretical statement was communicated in the humanbecoming sciencing language as languaging the powering of connecting-separating with the artform of Shame by Rosa Gunasingha.

Counterfactual Analysis

This chapter discusses counterfactual analysis. Counterfactual inference has been a major topic in methodological discussions in many disciplines such as political science, history, psychology, philosophy, and others. When social scientists attempt to assess hypotheses about the causes of phenomena, counterfactual propositions generally play an important role. Particularly in qualitative small-N research designs, counterfactuals are indispensable tools for causal analysis because all causal statements imply some kind of counterfactual. The theoretical statement ‘X causes Y’ implies that if X’s value were different, outcome Y would be different. Essentially, when scholars explain why a particular outcome Y occurred, they need to explain why Y happened, rather than other possible outcomes. When scholars make a proposition that includes necessary conditions, they clarify counterfactual implications: a logical format of necessary conditions — ‘if not X, then not Y’ — directly expresses a counterfactual’s consequent. Therefore, most social scientists inevitably use counterfactual analysis for various purposes. The chapter then looks at the criteria for evaluating counterfactual analysis.

MUSIC AND COMMUNICATION PROCESSES IN SOCIETY: MANAGEMENT THEORY

Based on historical and theoretical analysis of the development of social functioning of musical communication, as well as some problems of its management, the author attempts to theoretically justify the ways and means of optimizing music and communication processes that contribute to enhance the social and cultural role of musical art. The article describes fundamental concepts, which should be taken as the basis for the organization of musical life in modern society. The author puts forward such a conceptual theoretical statement as the principle of multi-factor audience differentiation. Consequently, the paper considers important facets of the theory of musical communication management in society, namely the target programming, scientific forecasting and long-term planning. The ways and methods of implementing these principles aimed at the achievement of a certain level of control over the music communication processes in society are also considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the impact of current social and economic changes in Russia on the formation of marketing and management in the social life of musical art.

MUSIC AND COMMUNICATION PROCESSES IN SOCIETY: MANAGEMENT THEORY

Based on historical and theoretical analysis of the development of social functioning of musical communication, as well as some problems of its management, the author attempts to theoretically justify the ways and means of optimizing music and communication processes that contribute to enhance the social and cultural role of musical art. The article describes fundamental concepts, which should be taken as the basis for the organization of musical life in modern society. The author puts forward such a conceptual theoretical statement as the principle of multi-factor audience differentiation. Consequently, the paper considers important facets of the theory of musical communication management in society, namely the target programming, scientific forecasting and long-term planning. The ways and methods of implementing these principles aimed at the achievement of a certain level of control over the music communication processes in society are also considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the impact of current social and economic changes in Russia on the formation of marketing and management in the social life of musical art.

AD HOC approach of cost management during the time of COVIDization of the economy

This article aims to present the ad hoc approach of cost management taken by the companies under the conditions formed due to the COVIDIzation of the economy. Considering the uniqueness of the situation caused by COVID-19, the term COVIDization of the economy is interpreted. In general, it means complex changes in the PESTEL environment, conditioned by the global health crisis. For the majority of companies, these changes had an adverse effect. For others, it was neutral or favorable. The onset of the first wave of COVID-19 found most companies unprepared, with planned revenue, cost, and profit levels. In the face of a sharp change in revenue levels, firms had to respond ad hoc to meet these challenges. The publication brings out the ad hoc approach of cost management as a theoretical statement. It presents the effects on the revenues of the first wave of COVIDization and the companies’ ad hoc actions about their costs. Two studies conducted by the SRC Innovation and Competitiveness (U2B) were used in the current publication. They were conducted during the locked-down in 2020 and April-May 2021.

Syntax-Semantic Types and Lexico-Semantic Models of Multi-Component Words in Old Bulgarian and Church Slavonic: Composita Substantiva & Verba

The proposed article examines the syntactic-semantic types and the lexico-semantic models of multi-component complex words from the category of substantives and verbs in Old Bulgarian and Church Slavonic. The study is done on lexical material, excerpted from the main lexicography works in Old Bulgarian and Church Slavonic languages. The analysis proceeds from the theoretical statement that the structural significance of word order (as well as of any language unit that is semantically and formally dissected) is not a simple sum of lexical meanings of its constituent units, but interactions between them on the basis of certain predicate relations. Based on the specific analysis, the conclusion is drawn that the variety of syntactic-semantic types and the lexico-semantic models of multicomponent complex words reveals the rich word-forming capabilities of the Old Bulgarian language, respectively the Church-Slavic language, and their ability to adequately translate foreign language specimens by their own means of speech.