scholarly journals A Short Note Regarding the Number of Bound Molecules of Oxygen to Hemoglobin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archit Chaturvedi
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Cooperative Binding ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
System P ◽  
Theoretical Statement ◽  
Binding Polynomial ◽  
Mathematical Justification ◽  
Insight Into

Oxygen, a molecule essential to many biological functions in the human body, binds coop?eratively to a protein known as hemoglobin. This cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin can be described by a binding polynomial of degree n = 4. In this paper, I theoretically prove that a molecule of hemoglobin must have at least one molecule of oxygen bound to its subunits at any given point in time. I remove a condition for the equilibrium constants K_R and K_T in the binding polynomial for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. Removing the condition partially proves the proposed statement in this paper. I then make use of the cubic formula to derive the concentration of oxygen for which the number of bound oxygen molecules tohemoglobin is zero, thus completing a comprehensive mathematical justification of the proposed theoretical statement. Through this paper, I hope to provide a further insight into the mechanisms of oxygen and hemoglobin with regards to the respiratory system.

scholarly journals Detecting and Profiling Endogenous RNA G-Quadruplexes in the Human Transcriptome

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8012
Author(s):  
Rongxin Zhang ◽  
Yajun Liu ◽  
Xingxing Zhang ◽  
Ke Xiao ◽  
Yue Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Bioinformatics Pipeline ◽  
The Real ◽  
Human Transcriptome ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
Nucleic Acid Structures ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Whole Transcriptome ◽  
Insight Into

G-quadruplexes are the non-canonical nucleic acid structures that are preferentially formed in G-rich regions. This structure has been shown to be associated with many biological functions. Regardless of the broad efforts on DNA G-quadruplexes, we still have limited knowledge on RNA G-quadruplexes, especially in a transcriptome-wide manner. Herein, by integrating the DMS-seq and the bioinformatics pipeline, we profiled and depicted the RNA G-quadruplexes in the human transcriptome. The genes that contain RNA G-quadruplexes in their specific regions are significantly related to immune pathways and the COVID-19-related gene sets. Bioinformatics analysis reveals the potential regulatory functions of G-quadruplexes on miRNA targeting at the scale of the whole transcriptome. In addition, the G-quadruplexes are depleted in the putative, not the real, PAS-strong poly(A) sites, which may weaken the possibility of such sites being the real cleaved sites. In brief, our study provides insight into the potential function of RNA G-quadruplexes in post-transcription.

Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott S. Chiu ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Insight Into

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV–XRV interactions have been documented and include ( a) recombination to result in ERV–XRV chimeras, ( b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, ( c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and ( d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV–XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The fundamental flaw of the HSAB principle is revealed by a complete speciation analysis of the [PtCl6−nBrn]2−(n = 0–6) system

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 5712-5724 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Gerber ◽  
P.-H. van Wyk ◽  
D. M. E. van Niekerk ◽  
K. R. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Reaction ◽  
Ligand Exchange ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Hsab Principle ◽  
Speciation Diagram ◽  
System P

Bjerrum's model of step-wise ligand exchange is extended to compute a complete speciation diagram for the [PtCl6−nBrn]2−(n= 0–6) system including all 17 equilibrium constants concerning the PtIVchlorido–bromido exchange reaction network (HERN).

A practical pH-compatible fluorescent sensor for hydrazine in soil, water and living cells

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (22) ◽  
pp. 7380-7387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huming Yan ◽  
Fangjun Huo ◽  
Yongkang Yue ◽  
Jianbin Chao ◽  
Caixia Yin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Fluorescent Sensor ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The excellent water solubility of hydrazine (N2H4) allows it to easily invade the human body through the skin and respiratory tract, thereby damaging human organs and the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Exosomes in Prognosis and Developments of Coronary Artery Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Qun Chen ◽  
Xiao-Fei Gao ◽  
Zhi-Mei Wang ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Shuai Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Stent Restenosis ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

Exosomes, with an diameter of 30~150 nm, could be released from almost all types of cells, which contain diverse effective constituent, such as RNAs, proteins, lipids, and so on. In recent years, exosomes have been verified to play an important role in mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cardiovascular disease, especially coronary artery disease (CAD). Moreover, it has also been shown that exosomes derived from different cell types have various biological functions based on the cell stimulation and microenvironment. However, therapeutic exosomes are currently far away from clinical translation, despite it is full of hope. In this review, we summarize an update of the recent studies and systematic knowledge of therapeutic exosomes in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and in-stent restenosis, which might provide a novel insight into the treatment of CAD and promote the potential clinical application of therapeutic exosomes.

scholarly journals An Insight into Creeping Electromagnetic Waves around the Human Body

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Branimir Ivsic ◽  
Davor Bonefacic ◽  
Zvonimir Sipus ◽  
Juraj Bartolic
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ◽  
Axial Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Dipoles ◽  
Wearable Antennas ◽  
Field Decay ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Insight Into

The electromagnetic wave propagation around human body torso is modelled by considering elementary electric and magnetic dipoles over an infinite muscle-equivalent cylinder. The poles in the spectral domain Green’s function with smallest imaginary part are found to correspond to creeping wave propagation coefficients which predict the general trend in propagation around human body. In addition, it was found that axial magnetic field component is crucial for communication via creeping waves since it generates modes with smaller field decay compared to axial electric field. The developed model may thus serve as a practical guideline in design of on-body wearable antennas. The theoretical considerations are verified with simulations and measurements on the prototype of PIFA antenna placed on the human body.

scholarly journals High-efficiency photocatalytic CO2 reduction in organic–aqueous system: a new insight into the role of water

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3798-3802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang Lin ◽  
Rongying Liao ◽  
Junli Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Binary Liquid System ◽  
Binary Liquid ◽  
System A ◽  
System P ◽  
Insight Into

A high efficiency photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into CO has been achieved by construction of a binary liquid system.

New insight into SPR modulating by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy: the case for an Ag/ITO system

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (48) ◽  
pp. 24357-24361
Author(s):  
Bingbing Han ◽  
Sila Jin ◽  
Qi Chu ◽  
Yang Jin ◽  
Xiangxin Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Carrier Density ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
System P ◽  
Insight Into

The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Ag/indium tin oxide (ITO)@polystyrene (PS) in the visible-NIR region was dependent on the tuning of the carrier density caused by adjusting the thickness of the ITO layer.

scholarly journals Hydroxide promotes ion pairing in the NaNO2–NaOH–H2O system

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Trent R. Graham ◽  
Mateusz Dembowski ◽  
Hsiu-Wen Wang ◽  
Sebastian T. Mergelsberg ◽  
Emily T. Nienhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Ion Pairing ◽  
System P ◽  
Insight Into

The solubility and spectroscopy of sodium nitrite in sodium hydroxide solutions are detailed to provide insight into processes underlying solubility.

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