Evaluation of a four-week Adjunct Compensatory Training for the treatment of climbing-specific overstrain syndromes of the shoulder

Background Although climbing is an increasingly popular sport, there is a lack of scientific evaluation of suitable training methods for climbers, especially with a view to prevention and rehabilitation. A specific rehabilitation program, Adjunct Compensatory Training (ACT), has recently been presented, but it has not been evaluated scientifically to date. Objective To investigate the effects of Adjunct Compensatory Training on climbing-specific overstrain syndromes of the shoulder. Methods Twenty active boulderers and climbers with an average age of 28.9 (± 7.4) years performed a guided shoulder program of six specific exercises from the ACT program over a period of four weeks. They were examined before and after the intervention. Pre- and post-interventional measurements included the Constant-Murley Score, the QuickDASH Score and the measurement of shoulder ROM (range of motion). Results The Constant-Murley Score increased from 82 (± 10.0) to 104.1 (± 8.2) at follow-up (p < 0.001). The VAS value for bouldering and climbing decreased from 5.25 (± 1.4) before to 2.4 (± 1.6) after the intervention (p < 0.001). Shoulder flexion increased from 167.5 (± 14.9) to 173.1 (± 7.7) after the intervention (p < 0.05), abduction from 172.5 (± 14.9) to 179.6 (± 5.9) (n. s.), external rotation from neutral zero position from 77.6 (± 16.8) to 86.3 ± (8.3) (p < 0.05). Feasibility and acceptance of the intervention were good. Ninety-five percent of the participants continued to exercise, and 100 percent recommended the program to others. Conclusion The ACT led to an improvement in pain, activities of daily living, range of motion and strength in boulderers and climbers with overstrain symptoms of the shoulder. It is also classified as a realistically feasible workout. The extent to which this effect will continue, and whether or not the program can prevent injuries, remains to be seen. It can only be presumed that regular exercises prevent shoulder injuries in the climbing population.

Method for stabilization of the microwave modulation index in order to suppress the light shift of the coherent population trapping resonances

For the resonance of coherent population trapping (CPT), we show that in the case of a spatially inhomogeneous light shift (for example, due to the Gaussian transversal profile of the light beam intensity), the zero position of the error signal, formed by the use of phase-jump technique, depends on the integration time of the spectroscopic signal. Basing on this effect, we propose two-loop method to stabilize the microwave power at the point where the light shift vanishes.

New Methodologies Indicating Adhesive Wear in Load Step Tests on the Translatory Oscillation Tribometer

When looking in detail at analyses of the tribological load-carrying capacity of lubricants, it becomes apparent that an exclusive evaluation of the evolution of the coefficient of friction alone cannot provide any sufficient criteria for determining the occurrence of adhesive failure. For this reason, extending the knowledge base by combining several criteria in order to draw a clearer picture of adhesive wear mechanisms is urgently required. This can be achieved by combining the evolution of coefficient of friction with stroke signals and/or the electrical contact resistance and/or contact temperature and/or acoustic emission and/or stroke zero position, frictional power input and further derived parameters.

DIRECT AND INVERSE PROBLEMS FOR THERMAL GROOVING BY SURFACE DIFFUSION WITH TIME DEPENDENT MULLINS COEFFICIENT

We consider the Mullins’ equation of a single surface grooving when the surface diffusion is not considered as very slow. This problem can be formed by a surface grooving of profiles in a finite space region. The finiteness of the space region allows to apply the Fourier series analysis for one groove and also to consider the Mullins coefficient as well as slope of the groove root to be time-dependent. We also solve the inverse problem of finding time-dependent Mullins coefficient from total mass measurement. For both of these problems, the grooving side boundary conditions are identical to those of Mullins, and the opposite boundary is accompanied by a zero position and zero curvature which both together arrive at self adjoint boundary conditions.

Parametric status of the subject of utterance

The article proposes a possible solution to the problem of the poly-subjectness of narrative discourse, associated with the hybrid nature of artistic communication, in which not only the world of narration is modeled, but also the communicative situation of communication. As one of the parameters of the discursive process, the analysis of which makes it possible to observe the intensive interaction of a number of systems participating in modeling the imaginary world of a work of art, the subject of the statement is considered, in M. Foucault's terminology, an empty position in discourse. The narrative text can be viewed as a complex of a number of communicative phenomena, as a special type of social interaction. A speech act, in which the text becomes an integral component, represents, according to this point of view, a two-unit complex of events, the process of the speaker's production of an utterance and the process of interpretive perception of the finished speech product. The interaction of the author and the reader takes place at the point I here now (Origo), in which an event takes place, which in the theory of the speaking subject of Yu. Kristeva is defined as passing the zero position subject of evocation-process and statement-result. In a complexly structured artistic message, the dynamics of the subject of utterance is expressed in the alternation of pronoun forms. In the structure of discourse, the subject of utterance forms a position, filling which the grammatical subject realizes the relationship between the grammatical and the communicative system, which represents a complex perspective of communication. The observer's area, which determines the communicative situation of narrative discourse, completely excluding interpersonal relations (this is what Bakhtin means when he speaks of the absence of dramatic relations between the author and the reader). The introduction of the observer category makes it possible to describe the position of out-of-access, according to which the author is on the border of fiction. The perspective of the observer explains another feature of literary communication, described by M.M. Bakhtin as the birth of meanings at the moment of meeting (dialogue) of the consciousnesses of both participants.

Force Transducers Relative error of Zero

This study represent the influence of relative zero error on force proving instruments classification. It is directed to compare the relative zero error resulted from the three loading scenarios applied during calibration of force proving instruments in increasing and decreasing scheme as per ISO 376:2011. It is conclude that the maximum relative zero error resulted after the first loading series at zero position. Two methods are recommended to be proposed as a unique method to calculate the maximum relative error of zero from the first and second loading series or from the preloading series