STUDY OF CHRONIC TOXICITY PARAMETERS OF A DRUG WITH HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY

Currently, the most promising and developing area in the field of veterinary pharmacology is the method of obtaining and using an innovative dosage form such as phytosomes. The article presents the results of studies to determine the chronic toxicity of a phytosomal complex with hepatoprotective activity, including silymarin, dihydroquercetin and lecithin. It was determined that its application to laboratory nonlinear rats for sixty days at doses of 150, 75 and 30 mg per animal does not have a negative effect on the organism of rats and the biochemical parameters of their blood. The preservation index in all groups was 100%. The phytosomal complex stimulates body weight gains in animals, with a difference relative to control analogs – 24.2% (group 1), 22.3% (group 2) and 8.1% (group 3). Its long-term use improves the indicators of protein and lipid metabolism, as well as the functional state of the liver within the reference values. Autopsy of laboratory animals showed no signs of intoxication. Thus, long-term use of the phytosomal complex is harmless to warm-blooded animals.

Green Veterinary Pharmacology Applied to Parasite Control: Evaluation of Punica granatum, Artemisia campestris, Salix caprea Aqueous Macerates against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep

Resistance to anthelmintic drugs in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep is of high concern for livestock production worldwide. In Calabria (southern Italy), many plants have been used in ethnoveterinary medicine for parasite control in small ruminants. Here, we present an in vivo evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of three plant extracts. The first was based on bark and leaves of Salix caprea, the second and the third were based on the whole plant Artemisia campestris and whole fruit (seeds and peel) of Punica granatum, respectively. Anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated according to the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) performed with the FLOTAC technique. The results showed a significant anthelmintic effect of Punica granatum macerate (50%), a low effectiveness of the Artemisia campestris macerate (20%), and a complete ineffectiveness of Salix caprea macerate (0.1%). With these outcomes, we report a P. granatum-based remedy reducing 50% GIN egg output. This result was obtained without using any synthetic drug, paving the way for the employment of green veterinary pharmacology (GVP) as a complementary and sustainable method to reduce the use of chemicals and to counteract anthelmintic resistance.

The Traditional Knowledge About Herbal Use In Veterinary Medicine At The Balkan Peninsula

Background. The traditional knowledge about herbal use in veterinary medicine in Serbs is voluminous. However, that wealth is threatened to oblivion because new times give modern methods of treatment. Hence, the aim of this report was to present the collected data about folk methods of treatment and nutrition by the help of available plants related to the animals in Serbs what could be applied in up to date veterinary pharmacy. Methods. The questionnaire of 28 questions was prepared regarding the breeding, nutrition and medical treatment of domestic animals as well as the herbal list of medicinal plants to use. The study is based on the ”Show-and-Tell Technique” from the groups people without veterinary or medical education, with preference to people living in the remote settlements without resident veterinary services. Results. Interviewed persons were in the age range of 30-90 years. Plant interviewee were asked to show the plant species in a fresh or dried condition (for adequate identification). The 1120 filled inquiry sheets were analysed. Ninety two herbs were presented, of whom the most frequent noted were Carlina acaulis, Asteraceae (6 times) and Geum urbanum, Rosaceae (5 times). The most frequent treated diseases were of digestive (47%) and pulmonary system (25%), skin (hair, hoof) (8%) and urinary system (7%). Among “other” cathegory answers like “generaly good for helath” are included. Conclusion. It is still open question for the scientific branches of veterinary pharmacology to find out active ingredients, mechanism of action and application of some plants in the scope of veterinary pharmacology, phytochemistry and phytopharmacology. In that way the listed herbs in this work, which are still not in use nowadays, could be recognized as commercially available.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT OF NITRATES IN THE PLANT PRODUCTS OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF THE REGION

Проблема и цель. Цель исследования заключалась в проведении сравнительной токсикологической оценки продукции агропромышленного комплекса по содержанию нитратов. Методология. В статье рассматривается методика определения содержания нитратов с помощью портативного нитрат-тестера с целью мониторинга и установления токсикологической безопасности растительной пищевой продукции для населения. Объектом исследований явилась растительная продукция АПК. Исследования были проведены в условиях кафедры ветеринарносанитарной экспертизы, акушерства, хирургии и внутренних болезней животных федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Рязанский государственный агротехнологический университет имени П. А. Костычева» в 2015-2020 г. в лаборатории ветеринарной фармакологии и токсикологии. Результаты. В работе представлена сравнительная количественная оценка показателей содержания нитратов в растительной продукции овощей и фруктов в различных районах региона. Установлено незначительное превышение нормы – 135 мг/кг против 80 мг/кг ПДК по содержанию нитратов в луке; в картофеле уровень нитратов установлен по верхней границе нормы – 250 мг/ кг.; в лимоне было установлено превышение уровня нитратов в 2 раза по сравнению с нормой ПДК. Повышенное их содержание, встречающееся в растительной продукции, создает опасность отравления животных и человека. Заключение. Таким образом, проведение токсикологической оценки способствует своевременному контролю уровня содержания нитратов в растениеводческой продукции, что позволяет своевременно принимать меры к недопущению продукции с высоким содержанием азотистых соединений в реализацию населению. Снизить уровень накопления нитратов, как природного соединения, возможно и необходимо. Таким образом, получение «экологически чистой» продукции возможно при соблюдении требований ветеринарно-санитарного контроля, что, в свою очередь, позволит снизить риск загрязнение окружающей среды. Problem and goal. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative veterinary and sanitary toxicological assessment of the products of the agro-industrial complex in terms of the content of nitrates. Methodology. The article deals with the method of determining the content of nitrates using a portable nitrate tester in order to monitor and establish the veterinary, sanitary and toxicological safety of plant food products for the population. The object of research was the plant products of the agro-industrial complex. The research was conducted in the conditions of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, Obstetrics, Surgery and Internal Diseases of Animals of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P. A. Kostychev" in 2015-2020 in the laboratory of "Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology". Results. The work presents a comparative quantitative assessment of the indicators of the content of nitrates in vegetable products of vegetables and fruits in diferent regions of the region. Installed slight excess of 135 mg/kg to 80 mg/kg concentrations of nitrate in Luque; in the potato, the nitrate level is set at the upper normal limit of 250 mg/kg; in the lemon were found above the level of nitrates in 2 times in comparison with the norm MAC. The increased content of these substances, which is found in plant products, creates a risk of poisoning animals and humans. Conclusion. Thus, the veterinary and sanitary toxicological assessment contributes to the timely control of the level of nitrates in crop products, which in turn allows timely measures to prevent products with a high content of nitrogenous compounds from being sold to the population. It is possible and necessary to reduce the level of accumulation of nitrates as a natural compound. To this end, we recommend that when growing all crops, strictly observe the maximum permissible standards for the application of nitrogen fertilizers, which guarantee the production of" environmentally friendly " products and exclude environmental pollution.

ADOPTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY EDUCATION IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

In resource-constraint countries like Nigeria, it is envisaged that the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in veterinary pharmacology education at university level can enhance both quality knowledge delivery and improve students’ performance as well as ICT use skills. The literature consistently demonstrates that exposure to variety of digital and online educational resources and facilities encourages critical thinking among the students and enhance their independent problem-solving capabilities. It is long overdue cost-effective and efficient technology systems suitable for e-learning and teaching in Nigerian university education system, particularly in veterinary pharmacology academic context are explored. Emphasis should be placed on audio-visual e-learning systems such as large screen computer, digital projector and whiteboard in addition to constant power supply and Wi-Fi internet service. Being a medical course, veterinary pharmacology education will be immense enhanced if digital collaborative research and education systems are provided. To achieve this objective, relevant software and applications tailored to veterinary pharmacology students’ specific needs in the e-education process are strongly recommended given the rapid innovations in the ICT sector, which is increasingly making both hardwater and software more affordable and user-friendly.Di negara-negara dengan keterbatasan sumber daya seperti Nigeria, diperkirakan adopsi teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) dalam pendidikan farmakologi veteriner di tingkat universitas dapat meningkatkan penyampaian pengetahuan yang berkualitas dan dapat meningkatkan kinerja siswa serta keterampilan penggunaan TIK. Literatur secara konsisten menunjukkan bahwa paparan berbagai sumber daya dan fasilitas pendidikan digital dan sarana melalui (online) mendorong pemikiran kritis di antara siswa dan meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah independen mereka. Hal ini sudah lama diharapkan sebagai sebuah sistem teknologi yang hemat biaya dan efisien serta cocok untuk pembelajaran e-learning dan pengajaran di sistem pendidikan universitas Nigeria, terutama dalam konteks akademik farmakologi veteriner yang dieksplorasi. Penekanannya ditempatkan pada sistem-sistem perpustakaan dengan sistem online audio-visual seperti komputer layar besar, proyektor digital dan papan tulis di samping catu daya yang konstan dan layanan internet Wi-Fi. Melalui kursus medis, pendidikan farmakologi veteriner akan mudah ditingkatkan jika penelitian kolaboratif digital dan sistem pendidikan disediakan. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, perangkat lunak dan aplikasi yang relevan yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan spesifik mahasiswa kedokteran hewan dalam proses e-edukasi sangat disarankan mengingat inovasi berkembang cepat di sektor TIK, yang semakin menjadikan air keras dan perangkat lunak lebih terjangkau dan ramah pengguna.

Plants with pharmacological properties in the diet of wild ungulates of Polissya of Ukraine

In terms of forest ecosystems in Western Polesya, bordering cells of intensive livestock research started parazytofauny of game animals. Discovered possible cases of self healing of endoparasites animals. Established features seasonal diet of wild ungulates, including periodic eating plants have pharmacological properties and can be natural anthelmintics. Investigated the contents of stomachs and intestines of three species of hoofed animals (elk, roe deer European, wild boar) analysis of undigested remnants feed and plant selection helminthological material. Most attention was paid by identification of speciesof medicinal plants consumed by animals with clinical signs of helminths at critical times of the year. Marked dependence diet of ungulates from changes in climate, forage productivity of lands and epizootic situation in a number of helminths. There is also a possible link between the intensity of helminth infestations and the amount eaten plants that potentially have anti–parasitic properties. Determined about 30 species of plants and 2 species of mushrooms – possible medical components of the diet, which may be the subject of research in veterinary pharmacology and used in practice in the system of complex antiparasitic activities.