As good as it gets: A scaling comparison of DNA computing, network biocomputing, and electronic computing approaches to an NP-complete problem

All known algorithms to solve Nondeterministic Polynomial (NP) Complete problems, relevant to many real-life applications, require the exploration of a space of potential solutions, which grows exponentially with the size of the problem. Since electronic computers can implement only limited parallelism, their use for solving NP-complete problems is impractical for very large instances, and consequently alternative massively parallel computing approaches were proposed to address this challenge. We present a scaling analysis of two such alternative computing approaches, DNA Computing (DNA-C) and Network Biocomputing with Agents (NB-C), compared with Electronic Computing (E-C). The Subset Sum Problem (SSP), a known NP-complete problem, was used as a computational benchmark, to compare the volume, the computing time, and the energy required for each type of computation, relative to the input size. Our analysis shows that the sequentiality of E-C translates in a very small volume compared to that required by DNA-C and NB-C, at the cost of the E-C computing time being outperformed first by DNA-C (linear run time), followed by NB-C. Finally, NB-C appears to be more energy-efficient than DNA-C for some types of input sets, while being less energy-efficient for others, with E-C being always an order of magnitude less energy efficient than DNA-C. This scaling study suggest that presently none of these computing approaches win, even theoretically, for all three key performance criteria, and that all require breakthroughs to overcome their limitations, with potential solutions including hybrid computing approaches.

The Long History of Software Patenting in the United States

The patent protections available to computer programs are almost as old as modern electronic computing. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, when a computer’s programming was as tangible as the machine’s circuits, there was nothing unusual about the idea that a patent could protect a program. The main problem was not whether programs were patent-eligible but how to draft patent applications for them that could bypass well-established doctrinal obstacles. As programs increased in complexity and programming languages enabled their creation through texts, inventors and their lawyers relied on the means-plus claim structure—a claim that discloses a machine as the means to perform a given collection of functions—as a shorthand to disclose the kinds of physicality that their predecessors would have spelled out. Successful patent applications combined means-plus language with very specific descriptions of interconnected electronic components to secure patent protections for the computer programs at their core.

Integrating linear ordinary fourth-order differential equations in the MAPLE programming environment

This paper reports a method to solve ordinary fourth-order differential equations in the form of ordinary power series and, for the case of regular special points, in the form of generalized power series. An algorithm has been constructed and a program has been developed in the MAPLE environment (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) in order to solve the fourth-order differential equations. All types of solutions depending on the roots of the governing equation have been considered. The examples of solutions to the fourth-order differential equations are given; they have been compared with the results available in the literature that demonstrate excellent agreement with the calculations reported here, which confirms the effectiveness of the developed programs. A special feature of this work is that the accuracy of the results is controlled by the number of terms in the power series and the number of symbols (up to 20) in decimal mantissa in numerical calculations. Therefore, almost any accuracy allowed for a given electronic computing machine or computer is achievable. The proposed symbolic-numerical method and the work program could be successfully used for solving eigenvalue problems, in which controlled accuracy is very important as the eigenfunctions are extremely (exponentially) sensitive to the accuracy of eigenvalues found. The developed algorithm could be implemented in other known computer algebra packages such as REDUCE (Santa Monica, CA), MATHEMATICA (USA), MAXIMA (USA), and others. The program for solving ordinary fourth-order differential equations could be used to construct Green’s functions of boundary problems, to solve differential equations with private derivatives, a system of Hamilton’s differential equations, and other problems related to mathematical physics.

THEORETICAL IDEAS, LAW AND PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Today, more than ever, it is important to thoroughly study the experience of the structural organization and management of organizations, the experience of using electronic computing systems, the experience of accounting for the theory of systems, the use of technology in management, etc. All this is not only legitimate, but also vital, especially at the present time, in a democratic State governed by the rule of law. Therefore, we need to ask ourselves: have we studied, comprehended and generalized the socialist experience (meaning the experience of the USSR and the fraternal socialist countries) in the management and organization of production in a sufficiently deep and thorough way? Is there a sufficient number of specific studies of new forms and methods of government that are necessary for the successful implementation of the political objectives of the state established by Chapter 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, especially taking into account the amendments made? Undoubtedly, the Marxist-Leninist science of management is quite high in its social potential, in its scientific methodology, in its humanistic ideal, in solving the problems of the role of man in the management of society, the relationship of the subject to the managed object, on issues of discipline and labor organization, and many other issues related to the effectiveness of management. The more fully and deeply the positive elements of forms and methods of governance in different countries are studied, the more deeply the Russian experience will be understood.

INCLUSION OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTING IN THE GRADUATE COURSE OF THE AL HADEETH SECTION OF THE GRADUATE COURSE)THE CUSTODIAN OF THE TWO HOLY MOSQUES KING ABDULAZIZ PROGRAM AS A MODEL(

Research problem: developing graduate courses through computing for forensic sciences and hadith sciences in particular Research objectives: The current ability to teach his speech with the tremendous development taking place in the current technology The importance of research: the characteristics of the most important modern graduation programs Research plan: The research was divided into research: The first topic: the importance of computer graduation, and it has two requirements: The first requirement: Defining graduation in language and idiomatically, and mentioning methods of graduation. The second requirement: to replace computer programs within course curricula The second topic: a brief descriptive study of the program of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, which includes two requirements The first requirement: introducing the program The second requirement: the most important features of the graduation program.

Internet Connectivity in Building Interiors: Architecture and Sustainability Considerations

This paper addresses the issue of connectivity and its relationship to the architecture of spaces. The internet of things and wifi technology is coming into the forefront of lifestyles in present times. We tend to spend much of our life activities using devices that need internet connectivity, wifi coverage, both indoors and outdoors. The technology behind it is also in the process of shifting gears, from 3G to 4G to 5G soon. However questions arise: How suitable are existing buildings for the sorts of internet technology that are predicted for the future? And how can the coverage and connectivity issue be addressed to give greater efficiency to new buildings? Will we require greater open layouts that give more visual connectivity within interior spaces to permit efficient connectivity between routers, boosters and appliances? The expertise of both Architects who design spaces, as well as RF Engineers who are responsible for setting up the internet systems within the spaces are involved in efficiently handling these queries. The paper incorporates recent studies have revealed that certain building materials may be more suited to Wifi penetration, while others act in a more opaque way. Architects are the main decision-makers regarding the final choice of such questions, but they have very little grounding in the technicalities involved related to connectivity issues. It is important to have them focus on these questions and seek answers through multi-disciplinary forums, thus also to deepen collaboration between the related professionals, in order to create more Wifi connectivity in building interiors. From the user perspective, this is a vital need, as the user of today spends enormous amounts of time at these electronic, computing devices that require uninterrupted and quality connectivity. It thus also becomes a question of sustainability.

An optical neural chip for implementing complex-valued neural network

Complex-valued neural networks have many advantages over their real-valued counterparts. Conventional digital electronic computing platforms are incapable of executing truly complex-valued representations and operations. In contrast, optical computing platforms that encode information in both phase and magnitude can execute complex arithmetic by optical interference, offering significantly enhanced computational speed and energy efficiency. However, to date, most demonstrations of optical neural networks still only utilize conventional real-valued frameworks that are designed for digital computers, forfeiting many of the advantages of optical computing such as efficient complex-valued operations. In this article, we highlight an optical neural chip (ONC) that implements truly complex-valued neural networks. We benchmark the performance of our complex-valued ONC in four settings: simple Boolean tasks, species classification of an Iris dataset, classifying nonlinear datasets (Circle and Spiral), and handwriting recognition. Strong learning capabilities (i.e., high accuracy, fast convergence and the capability to construct nonlinear decision boundaries) are achieved by our complex-valued ONC compared to its real-valued counterpart.

Developing three-input cascade DNA logic gate based on biological characteristics of metal ion-GO combined with the analysis and verification

Due to the limitation of technology, electronic computing is approaching the limit of technology, and new computing tools need to be developed. Here, we build a three input cascade logic...

MYKHAILO KRAWTCHOUK AND COMPUTING DEVICES. ON ETHIC OF INVESTIGATIONS IN HISTORY OF EXACT SCIENCES

In this note, we focus on some aspects of the use of virtual ethics in the study of the scientific heritage of the outstanding Ukrainian mathematician Mykhailo Krawtchouk and its involvement in the invention of the first electronic computer by Atanasov and Berry. In particular, the biased and clearly propagandistic activity of the Canadian political scientist I. Kachanovsky is analyzed concerning the contrived contribution of Mykhailo Krawtchouk’s mathematical advice to an allegedly substantial solution of the designer G. Atanasov problems of implanting computational algorithms in his designed first electronic computing device. We also noted the ill-considered popularization of these false as well as harmful statements in scientific and popular science Ukrainian literature. Separately, we focused on the openly anti- Ukrainian propaganda activity of I. Kachanovsky, which concerns his clumsy efforts in investi- gating the activities of Ukrainian nationalists during World War II and the last events on the Maidan, and its aggressive dissemination in the press of insinuations, pseudo-historical and pseudo-scientific anti-Ukrainian insults.