Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Stigma pada Keluarga dengan Beban Keluarga Dalam Merawat Pasien Skizofrenia di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Nanggalo Padang

Families have a heavy burden in caring for ODS. Heavy load perceived by the family due to the level of family knowledge and family stigma. This study aims to determine the relationship knowledge and stigma on families with family burdens in caring schizophrenia patient in the working area of ​​Puskesmas Nanggalo Padang. Types of research this is correlation with the approach cross sectional. The population in this study is a family who cares for ODS in the working area of ​​Puskemas Nanggalo Padang and a sample of 87 people taken withPurposive Sampling. Data collection using a questionnaire Family Interview Scale / Stigma Items, questionnaire knowledge, and a questionnaire Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Research result It was found that more than half (59.8%) of the families experienced a heavy burden, more than half (57.5%) of families have a lower or higher level of knowledge half (52.9%) of families experienced high stigma. There is a relationship meaning between the stigma in the family and the family burden (p =0,000). There is no significant relationship between the level of family knowledge with family burden (p =0.110). It is expected that health workers, especially nurses soul in society to provide health education to the community regarding Schizophrenia. So that society no longer gives stigma to families who will make the family embarrassed in caring for ODS.

Familial Co-Aggregation of Dementia with Schizophrenia: A Cross Sectional Pedigree Analysis

Background: Cognitive impairment is the core outcome defining feature in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia, in the context of a broader neurodegenerative conceptualization, may have shared etiology with major neurocognitive disorders (MNCD). To elucidate this association there is definite need to explore the familial loading of dementia, in families of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The authors compared relatives including parental generation and siblings of 100 cases (schizophrenia probands) and 100 controls (anxiety disorder) in order to assess the familial co-aggregation of MNCD. All cases and control were screened with Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview screen for psychiatric morbidity. The pedigree analysis was conducted by family history method and Family Interview for Genetic Studies. Cognitive impairment in pedigree was screened by community screening instrument for dementia. Results: There was nonreporting of MNCD in the total 2538 relatives (proband siblings +parental generation) of both cases and controls. Diabetes mellitus was the most common somatic morbidity, found significantly more among the parental generation of cases than healthy controls ( χ2 (1, 1713) = 6.452, P < 0.05). The odds of having various psychiatric and medical morbidities in the schizophrenia families compared to control are less than 1. Conclusion: There is no familial co-aggregation of MNCD in schizophrenia probands and common etiology between the two is less likely. Either schizophrenia could be counter-intuitively protective for MNCD or a reversible risk factor that can be prevented by effective treatments

Daily Life Activities of Children during the Pandemic

The aim of this descriptive study was to examine the views of parents with children between the ages of 3-6 on their children's daily life activities during the pandemic. The study sample was composed of 65 parents, among whom 60 were mothers, and five were fathers, who were selected with the snowball method and who had children between the ages of 3-6 and voluntarily participated in the study. The data were collected through the General Information Form and the Family Interview Form, which were developed in line with expert opinions. The collected data were analyzed using percentage and frequency values. The findings suggested that, during the pandemic, the children's family relationships were positively affected; the duration of using technological tools increased; the children started to wash their hands more carefully; and duration of activities, such as drawing and chores, and plays increased. It was also found that the children mostly preferred piece assembly games; their physical movement needs were not fully satisfied; and there was no change in their health conditions, self-care skills, diet, sleep patterns, interactive book reading, and purposes of using technology. In line with the findings, parents, experts were given specific recommendations.

Cross-Sectional Study on Stigma among Care Givers of Patients with Mental Illness in Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu

BACKGROUND Stigma experienced by caregivers of patients with mental illnesses remains unnoticed. This study was conducted to evaluate the stigma perceived by the care givers of patients with various mental illnesses and the factors associated with stigma. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among the care givers of patients with mental illnesses who accompanied the patients to the outpatient department (OPD) of Psychiatry in Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, from January 2017 to March 2017. A total of hundred care givers were included in the study. All care givers aged between 18 - 50 years of age in both sexes were included in the study. Care givers of substance abuse cases were excluded from the study. A total of hundred care givers with fifty care givers of neurosis patients and another fifty care givers of psychosis were included in the study. Family interview schedule (FIS) stigma scale was used to assess the stigma perceived by care givers. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17. RESULTS Mean perceived stigma score was 12.27 ± 9.43. High, low and zero stigma was noted among 44 %, 36 % and 20 % of care givers, respectively. Also, it was found that care givers of psychosis patients had more stigma than the care givers of neurosis patients (P = 0.0008). Statistically significant association was found between patient’s duration of illness (P = 0.003), patient’s diagnosis (P = 0.000) and care givers burden (P = 0.000) with severity of stigma perceived by the care givers. CONCLUSIONS Proportion of stigma prevailing among the care givers is high and it depicts only the cases which were reported to the health care center, whereas a larger proportion of cases remains not seeking the health care. An early intervention by conducting routine assessments of the mental status of caregivers is necessary. KEYWORDS Stigma, Care Givers, Mental Illnesses, Family Interview Schedule

Socio-cultural Adjustment and Well-being in Third Culture Kids and their Families: Protocol for a Longitudinal Study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Increasing globalization has led to more families with children being relocated each year, high-lighting the importance of issues such as acculturation, adjustment, and psychological well-being in this population. These children, commonly known as Third Culture Kids (TCKs), often spend a significant part of their developmental years in cultures foreign to them. OBJECTIVE Our longitudinal study aims to examine the roles of cognitive, psychological, socio-cultural, and family factors on the longitudinal trajectories of TCKs and their families’ well-being and socio-cultural adjustment over time. METHODS This study adopts both quantitative and qualitative procedures. Data from both procedures will be collected at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. We aim to recruit 150-200 participants between 7 and 17 years old and one of their primary caregivers. After providing informed consent, participants will complete an online survey. Outcome measures include validated questionnaires on well-being and socio-cultural adjustment. Predictor measures include validated questionnaires on negative self-thoughts, emotion regulation, resilience, psychological attributes, self-esteem, stress, acculturative stress, cultural intelligence, couple satisfaction, and family functioning. A multiple regression model will be used to analyze the quantitative data. In addition, 15-20 families who participated in the online survey will be randomly selected to take part in a family interview focusing on questions related to well-being, relocation experiences, cultural issues, and challenges. A concurrent triangulation mixed-method design will be used to analyze and interpret data from both quantitative and qualitative methods. RESULTS To date, a total of 131 participants and 120 parents have completed the baseline online survey. In addition, 28 children and 24 parents have completed the one-year follow-up online survey. A total of 6 families have completed the baseline family interview while 2 families have completed the one-year follow-up interview. Transcription of the interview is on-going. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study would enable us to understand the adjustment processes, and risk and protective factors associated with TCKs and their families’ well-being and socio-cultural ad-justment in Switzerland, which could have implications on the development of intervention pro-grams for individuals and families to address acculturation and adjustment issues. CLINICALTRIAL Not Applicable

Investigating the Cultural Transmission of Economic Values

Chapter 5 lays out the authors’ operational plan for testing the conceptual model and answering the three research questions posed in Chapter 1. Following a detailed treatment of cultural transmission as an intergenerational process that can help establish cultural exogeneity, they look closely at its influence on the transition to adulthood in a cross-national context. It is then demonstrated why generational transmission requires a naturalistic sampling approach to insure that associations among family members are captured. This chapter goes on to describe the three-stage sampling process and how it aids efforts to study cultural diversity and economic performance. The family interview methodology and interview schedule are introduced, as is a statistical profile of the selected families from each focal country. How well the naturalistic sampling comports with surveys of cultural values that rely on independent, individual observations is considered.

DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PARENTAL EXPRESSED EMOTIONS SCALE

Objective: To construct a scale and psychometric properties for the assessment of Parental expressed emotions scale in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Mar to Oct 2019. Methodology: The initial item pool of 224 items was generated with the help of CFI (Camber well Family Interview description of parental expressed emotions scale, literature review and three focus groups with target population. Among the 124 expert evaluated items after pilot study 100 items were retained which included the five dimensions of parental expressed emotions scale including, Criticalcomments, Hostility, Emotional overinvolvement, Warmth and Positive remarks. Furthermore, in the final administration of this scales data were collected from 380 parents (both mothers & fathers) from the educational institutions and community of Gujrat using self-reported questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis were implied for data scrutiny. Results: The final administration of 100 items was handed over to 380 participants. The model fit showed a p-value of 0.000 that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. At the final stage among the 100 items 31 were reliable for further use. Conclusion: A scale to measure parental expressed emotions in Urdu language is competently established with 31 questions andfive sub-scales.