The Depositional Influence in Regard of Environment Carrying Capacity in Waters at Inner Ambon Bay to Floating Net Cage Propagate

Inner Ambon bay is a shallow and narrow waters that serve as the location of floating net aquaculture systems, but its water quality is threatened by depositional. This research is aimed at knowing depositional rate, its effect to carrying capacity of marine environment that indicated by water quality, and to formulate environmental management strategies. Depositional rate assessed by calculating the rate of suspension sediment discharge from river, potential erosion estimates with USLE method, satellite imagery analysis of year 2004 and 2012, rate of water flow analysis from outer Ambon bay to inner Ambon bay, as well as bathymetric data analysis of year 2008 and 2012. To determine the water quality, sampling and laboratory test as well as scoring, weighting and matching was did to parameters, that is turbidity, DO, pH, brightness, temperature, TSS, TDS, gross primer productivity and nett primer productivity, while its environmental management strategies studied by causal approach. The research finding showed that depositional rate from suspension sediment discharge calculation and unit convertion of Wae Heru river and Wae Tonahitu river is 1.7 cm/year, while the class of potential erosion at the Wae Heru and Wae Tonahitu river mouth, both of them is very light (<15 tons/hectare/year). Satellite imagery analysis showed that depositional rate at Wae Heru and Wae Tonahitu mouth river is 2445 square meters/year and 1459.625 square meters/year respectively. Through complementary data, that is the rate of water flow analysis obtained that rate of water flow to inner Ambon bay is 84 cm/s, whereas bathymetric analysis show a reduction in water depth is 13.9 cm/year. Results of water quality analysis indicates that the carrying capacity of waters are in the medium class, as well as refer to depositional rate and water quality, so environmental management strategy is focused on the management of upstream rivers, midstream rivers, downstream rivers, riparian and coastal area.

Human occupation strategies and related environmental-climate during the middle and late Holocene in central Pampas of Argentina

The main objective of this work is to generate and integrate interpretations of human occupation strategies and inferences of the environmental-climatic conditions in the central Pampas during the middle and late Holocene. We present a novel archeological–geological–paleoecological analysis in the area of the Cabeza de Buey lake, placed in an aeolian landscape. During the middle Holocene, two events of human occupations were recognized at Laguna Cabeza de Buey 2 archeological site. Both events present a small amount of lithic materials, a low diversity of tools and activities developed with them (principally hard material), and the hunting and primary processing of artiodactyls. These evidences suggest a locus of specific activity associated with an ephemeral human settlement under climate conditions drier than present and the presence of small, brackish, and shallow water bodies. For the late late Holocene, the hunter-gatherer occupation has a higher depositional rate of lithic assemblage, stones with diverse origins, presence of pottery fragments, a great lithic tool diversity, knapping techniques, and activities developed with these tools (processing wood, bone, hide, non-woody plant, and soft material). These evidences reveal an occupation with a higher degree of recurrence represented by a locus of multiple activities associated with a more stable landscape, such as an environment of dunes fixed by grass vegetation, and the establishment of a permanent water body. The different environmental characteristics for the middle and late Holocene in this area promoted that human groups develop two different patterns of mobility, settlement and use of space.

Introduction to the Recovery and Technology of Palaeogeomorphology in Sedimentary Basins

The control action of palaeogeomorphology to sedimentation is a hotspot of research in recent years, especially in the analysis of oil and gas basin. This paper is based on the history and present of palaeogeomorphology research and summarizes the recovery method of palaeogeomorphology. In the work of recover palaeogeomorphology, recovery of denuded thickness is one of the most important steps. Principles and the applicability of each method are analyzed, such as depositional rate, vitrinite reflectance and so on.

Sequential palynological changes across the composite Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary claystone and contiguous strata, western Canada and Montana, U.S.A.

The boundary claystone in the western Canada Basin is composed of three intimately associated layers with a regional distribution: a basal brownish-grey hackly claystone, a middle brownish-black satiny claystone, and an upper brown laminated shale. These layers appear to represent a graded succession in terms of grain size and depositional rate. An abrupt reduction in the relative abundance of gymnospermous pollen, representing canopy vegetation, immediately precedes the hackly layer. The hackly claystone is accepted as being originally formed of microtektites from a ballistically transported ejecta blanket deposited within minutes or hours of the bolide's impact and associated with a heat pulse. The variable miospore content of the hackly layer is considered to be from local, reproductively active understorey vegetation. The shocked-quartz-rich satiny claystone is interpreted as being formed by fine debris deposited over days, weeks, or months. Its homogeneous texture suggests a short depositional event, but must have involved enough time for a residual Cyathidites-Ulmoideipites survival flora to release miospores. Further, the presence of this flora requires the continuation of light levels required for photosynthesis and temperatures generally above freezing. A settling time of several years for very fine debris and aerosols would fit with the apparent seasonal interlayering of the organic tissue in the laminated shale. The abruptly overlying Laevigatosporites-Kurtzipites recovery flora initiates the succession leading to the return of a canopied swamp, and its presence may signal the clearing of the atmosphere of all impact-generated debris, except for postulated elevated CO2 abundances.

Ostracods as palaeoenvironmental indicators in the Lower Carboniferous Yoredale Series of northern England

The ostracod fauna and vertical changes in its composition were examined in a shale sequence of the 5-Yard Limestone cyclothem (Yoredale Series) at a locality in Bishopdale, N. Yorkshire. The ostracod tax a are mainly confined to three superfamilies: Kirkbyacea, Healdiacea and Bairdiacea. The co-occurrence of several relatively short-ranging species such as Kirkbya quadrata, Cribroconcha insculpta and Bairdiolites elevatus suggests a Late Brigantian age. Four new species are described: Cornigella posteroextensa, ? Eriella minima, Rectobairdia bavarica and Roundyella binoda.Fluctuations in influx of terrigenous mud and water turbulence, related to delta growth, appear to have been the main environmental parameters that controlled the ostracod distribution and abundance along a nearshore-offshore gradient. Three different ostracod assemblages are recognized. A Roundyella-Cribroconcha assemblage, dominated by kirkbyacean and healdiacean ostracods, represents a quiet, nearshore environment with a fairly high depositional rate of terrigenous mud. A Bairdia assemblage, higher in the section, is dominated by bairdiacean ostracods that lived in a more turbulent, relatively offshore environment with less input of terrigenous sediment. A third, intermediate assemblage consists of almost equal amounts of bairdiacean and kirkbyacean ostracods, and reflects a transition from the Bairdia to the Roundyella-Cribroconcha assemblage.

Growth rate observation from the moss-built Checa travertine terrace, central Spain

In situ observations of fossil and living specimens of the calcicolous mosses Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Cratoneuron commutatum and Catoscopium nigritum revealed very fast calcite depositional rates. Rhythmic layering in the fossil mosses corresponding with the seasonal climatic cycle suggests that the moss curtain occupied by these three mosses maintains the deposition of spongeous travertine layers at a mean rate of 4 cm a−1. A mean depositional rate of 4.2 cm a−1 may be calculated from measurements of the loss of bicarbonate from the springwater after it percolated through the moss curtain. These rates suggest that the 8 m high travertine terrace of Checa with a surface area of 800 m2 did not exist two millennia ago.Mosses could be put to man's use for creating natural overgrowths on artificial surfaces, an idea based on an allusion by Wallner. He observed that the thread-forming, blue-green algae Vaucheria builds travertine deposits at an annual rate of 0.7–1.4 cm. We observed that the mosses Cratoneuron commutatum and Bryum pseudotriquetrum may form spongeous travertine layers at respective maximum rates of 11 and 14 cm a−1. This would reduce the time required to build natural overgrowths on artificial objects to a practical period of months.