GC-MS ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY (VITRO TEST) OF (Balanites aegyptiaca) ESSENTIAL OIL

The aim of the present study was to extract oil from Heglig seeds (Balanites aegyptiaca) to indicate phytochemical properties, GC/MS analysis and anti- biological activity (Vitro test). The kernel seeds were ground, and 250 g were transferred into a soxhelt unit and extracted by using normal hexane. The chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis result in 25 compounds, the compound which had higher percentage are: 9-Octadecanoic acid (Z)-methyl ester 29.46%, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, methyl ester 29.18%, Methyl stearate 18.71%, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 16.70%. and Eicosanoic acid, methyl ester 1.81%. The oil showed activity only against Candida Albicans.

The diffusivity modeling of different gases in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

In this work, we used three gases (CO2, N2 and normal hexane) for diffusivity measurements in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). We proposed a diffusion model that the diffusion coefficients of each gas in ABS could be estimated from the specific volume of ABS/gas mixture and chemical potential of gas in ABS. The solubility and diffusivity of three gases into ABS were determined by a magnetic suspension balance. The results showed that the solubility and diffusivity of three gases increased with increasing of pressure. Also it was determined that N2 has a lowest solubility and the highest diffusivity in ABS in all temperature and pressure ranges. It was shown that there was a suitable overlapping between the experimental and predicted values from the proposed model, in which the proposed model could successfully estimate the diffusion coefficient of mentioned gases in ABS in all temperature and pressure ranges.

Extraction and Characterization of Oil from Sorrel (Yakuwa Seed) Hibiscus sabdariffa

Hibiscus sabdariffa (yakwua seed) is one of economic value in tropical and subtropical regions around the world due to diverse industrial, medical and food uses. In this work, oil was extracted from the seed of Hibiscus sabdariffa using normal hexane as extracting solvent. The extraction was carried out at temperature of 70°C at 3-4 hours to ensure optimum oil yield. At a range of 3-4 hours extraction time and at a temperature of 70°C, the average oil yield obtained was 17.8%. The physical state of oil extracted is liquid/yellow greenish in colour with characteristic pleasant smell, relative density of (0.92 g/m3) , refractive index of (1.46),specific gravity of (0.91), and viscosity of (43.67mm2/sec) and the chemical parameters were also determine, the saponification value of (166.20 mgKOH/kg), acid value of (1.40 mgKOH/g), free fatty acid is (0.55 mgKOH/g), peroxide value of (6.90 mg/kg), iodine value of (80.03 g I2/100 g), and ester value of (164.79 mgKOH/g),are comparable with other oils extracted from other sources suitable for consumption. This reveals that the oil extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa can be used both domestically and industrially, as the seed is already used by michika community for production of traditional maggi called dadawa in Hausa.

Characterization and fatty acid profile analysis of oil extracted from unexploited seed of African star apple (Udara)

This study sought to characterize the phyto-oil extracted from an unexploited seed of African star apple (Udara) using soxhlet extraction method, normal hexane was used as the solvent at 67 °C for 4 h. The percentage oil yield was 23.8%. The extracted oil was liquid at room temperature, pleasant sweet smell with honey-like colour. The oil physicochemical properties such as acid value, peroxide value and saponification value were 17.41 ± 0.43 mg/KOH/g, 57.74 ± 2.77 meq/kg−1 and 236.341 ± 6.80 mg/KOH/g, respectively. Also, free fatty acid of 8.75% and iodine value of 29 ± 0.16 mg/100g were obtained. The identified fatty acids present included n-hexadecanoic acid (7.55%), 13-hexyloxacyctri-dec-10-en-2-one (1.19%), oleic acids (30.21%), octadecanoic acid (5.28%), hexadecanoic acid (2.37%), undecylenic acid (40.33%), 9-octadecanal (7.09%), and 9, 17-octadecadienal (5.98%). The properties of oil extracted revealed that the seed is a good source of oil which could be employed for industrial purposes.

Steam-Oil Ratio in Steam-Solvent Coinjection Simulation for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Bitumen Reservoirs

This research presents a mechanistic analysis of expanding-solvent steam-assisted gravity drainage (ES-SAGD) for heterogeneous reservoirs in terms of cumulative steam-oil ratio (SOR) as a function of cumulative bitumen production. Simulation case studies for SAGD and ES-SAGD with normal hexane at 35 bars are conducted for geostatistical realizations of two types of heterogeneous Athabasca-bitumen reservoirs. For the first type, low-permeability mudstone barriers are oriented horizontally. For the second type, they are inclined and more representative of the middle McMurray member. The solubility of water in the oleic phase at elevated temperatures is properly modeled to ensure reliable comparison between steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) and ES-SAGD. Simulation results show that ES-SAGD is less sensitive to heterogeneity than SAGD in terms of cumulative SOR. On average, the reduction in SOR due to steam-solvent coinjection is simulated to be greater under heterogeneity. The reduction in SOR is greater for reservoir models with inclined mudstone barriers than in those with horizontal mudstone barriers. Analysis of simulation results indicates that the injected solvent tends to accumulate more significantly under heterogeneity, which enhances the mechanisms of ES-SAGD, such as dilution of bitumen by solvent and reduced thermal losses to the overburden. Tortuous hydraulic paths and slower gravity drainage under heterogeneity enhance the mixing between solvent and bitumen in the transverse direction along the edge of a steam chamber. Then, a larger amount of the accumulated solvent tends to facilitate lower temperatures near the chamber edge.