THE APPLICATION OF NATURAL DYES TO BATIK USING MANGROVE SPESIES RHIZOPORA STYLOSA, SOGA TINGI (CERIOPSTAGAL) AND INDIGOFERA

Technological advance leads the natural dyes to be eroded by the synthetic one. Synthetic colorant has advantages of salient, more uniform color and more practical use. Meanwhile, the disadvantage of it is much metal content harmful to the environment. The natural colorant is colorant (pigment) derived from plant, animal or mineral sources. The advantage of natural dyes is that it is more environment-friendly because it is not poisonous and safe for health. The disadvantage of it is storage difficulty. When natural dyes in liquid form is stored too long, it will be decomposed easily. For that reason, it should be stored in powder form.The method used to get natural dyes was extraction with a batch manner. The extraction was carried out with basic material-to-solvent ratios of 1:10, 1:7, and 1:5. The basic materials used were mangrove spesies rhizopora stylosa, Soga Tingi, and Indigofera. The best extract was obtained with a ratio of 1:5 for all basic materials. The powder was prepared by feeding the extracting solvent into a spray dryer so that the natural colorant powder was obtained. The application of colorant powder was used at 1 gram/100 ml, 2 gram/100 ml, 2 gram/100 ml, 4 gram/100 ml, and 5 gram/100 ml. The immersing with natural colorant was conducted in 2 conditions: extract and powder are immersing were carried out 5 times with each submerging of 15 minutes and dried. Then, fixation (color-locking) was done to batik. The fixer employed was tunjung (changing the color of batik into the darker one), alum (maintaining the batik’s color), and lime (change batik color into the brighter one). The fixated batik cloth was then examined for its fading against washing using launder meter and against rubbing using crock meter. The result of the examination was analyzed using a staining scale and greyscale. The examination using the staining scale was divided into 2: wet and dry rubbings. From the result of the wet and dry rubbing test, it was obtained the best result with tingi colorant, alum fixer solution, and powder condition. Meanwhile, on the greyscale, it was obtained the best result with tingi colorant, alum fixer, and powder condition. So, it could be concluded that the optimum application of powder to batik cloth was 4 gram/100 ml water and 5 times immersing. The best result of fading resistance against washing and rubbing was tingi with alum fixer and in powder condition.Keywords – extraction, spray dryer, fixation, launderometer, and crockmeter

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Phytochemical Extraction Performance Enhancer for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Product Development

Natural products from plants were extracted and widely studied for their activities against many disease conditions. The selection of the extracting solvent is crucial to develop selective and effective methods for the extraction and isolation of target compounds in the plant matrices. Pharmacological properties of plant extracts and their bioactive principles are related to their excellent solubility, stability, and bioavailability when administered by different routes. This review aims to critically analyze natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as green solvents in their application to improve the extraction performance of plant metabolites in terms of their extractability besides the stability, bioactivity, solubility, and bioavailability. Herein, the opportunities for NADES to be used in pharmaceutical formulations development including plant metabolites-based nutraceuticals are discussed.

INCIDENCES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ROASTED PLANTAINS OBTAINED WITHIN OSOGBO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

The present study was conducted to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of PAHs contamination in roasted plantain collected from three different locations within Osogbo metropolis, Nigeria. The PAHs were extracted using Soxhlet extraction technique with n-hexane and dichloromethane (3:1) as the extracting solvent. A column, packed with silica gel, was used for clean-up process and the levels of the targeted PAHs were determined by a gas chromatograph–flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The result revealed that the concentrations of total PAHs detected in the roasted samples at location A, B, C were 3.958 μg/kg, 3.654 μg/kg and 3.217 μg/kg. The HMW carcinogenic PAHs constitute about 32% of the total PAHs in the roasted plantain samples where benzo(a)pyrene, which is a marker for carcinogenicity, was found to be 9%. Comparing these results with the regulatory limits, all the analyzed roasted plantain samples were found below the maximum residual limit (MRL) of 5 μg/kg, but the calculated carcinogenic risk (CR) presented value greater than 1×10-4, signifying health risk associated with the consumption of the roasted plantain. The major source of the PAHs using diagnostic ratios (Fla/Pyr and Ph/Ant) showed that the charcoal used in roasting is a major contributing factor to the high levels of PAHs detected in the roasted plantain samples.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antinociceptive Properties of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Aleurites moluccanus Bark

Aleurites moluccanus is used in folk medicine to treat many diseases including pain and inflammatory processes in general. Considering the potential of the leaf extract, evidenced in a previous study, the present study investigates the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydroethanolic extract of A. moluccanus bark and isolated compounds in animal models of pain. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of A. moluccanus bark were evaluated through hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, PGE2, cytokines, bradykinin, epinephrine, Freundʼs complete adjuvant, and lipopolysaccharide. Five compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane bark extract: acetyl aleuritolic acid, atraric acid, spruceanol, (5β,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one and sonderianol. To optimize the extraction conditions, ethanol 50, 70, and 90°GL were used as extracting solvent, in a 1 : 20 (w/v) drug : solvent ratio, under stirring at room temperature for 4 h. The extracts were named AMC50, AMC70, and AMC90, respectively. These extracts were administered to mice (250 mg/kg, p. o.) with reduced mechanical hyperalgesia activity in the carrageenan test. Of these, AMC90 showed the best results. Pure (5β,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one showed a beneficial effect for up to 48 hours after the administration of carrageenan, while acetyl aleuritolic acid was effective only in the first hour. AMC90 was able to reverse the analgesia induced only by prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor. We also induced hyperalgesia using the lipopolysaccharide and Freundʼs complete adjuvant models, with positive results. These results support the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of A. moluccanus bark extract. The observed effects are partly due to the presence of acetyl aleuritolic acid, atraric acid, and (5β,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one.

Gold Nanoparticles from Plant Materials: Green Extraction, Biological Synthesis and Its Beneficials Properties for Cosmeceutical Applications

Green technologies have become trends among researchers and it is developing as the current demand is increased towards products that are processed through green technologies. In this regard, green extraction and green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) from plants are presented and discussed. Rapid development in green extraction makes the researchers are competing in providing the best extraction techniques which will use safe extracting solvent, low energy consumption, and did not release hazardous materials as residues of the processes. The same thing goes for the green synthesis of GNPs, plant extracts are used as reducing agent and it does not release any hazardous residues as compared to chemical synthesized GNPs. The application of the GNPs in this paper is reviewed on their properties that are beneficial for cosmeceutical applications. Even though the application of GNPs in the cosmeceutical application in research papers is relatively unexplored, but it has a high potential to be studied since there is existing research that recognizes the properties played by GNPs. The properties that are mostly studied by researchers are an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity that is found to be advantageous in the production of cosmeceutical products.

FTIR-based fingerprinting combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Sonchus arvensis leaves extracts of various extracting solvents and the correlation with its antioxidant activity

Sonchus arvensis, the local name for tempuyung, is acknowledged to have many biological activities, including the antioxidant activity. This study aimed to cluster the leaves extracts based on the extracting solvent and to determine the functional groups significantly contributing to the antioxidant activity. From the water, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% ethanol, and absolute ethanol extracts, we analyzed the total phenolics content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), antioxidant activity (DPPH method), and the FTIR spectra. The 70% ethanol extract exhibits the highest total phenolics and the highest antioxidant activity. The extracts were grouped based on the extracting solvent using the principal component analysis (PCA) with 95% total variance from its principal component 1 and 2. The partial least square (PLS) regression was employed for finding a functional group from the antioxidant constituents present in the sample extract. We predicted by PLS regression that the –OH and the C-O groups are attributed to the phenolics that give a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of the S. arvensis leaves.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Determining Five Volatile Compounds from Soy Sauces

As a popular fermented condiment in oriental countries, soy sauce plays a more and more important role in modern food culture due to its unique smell and delicious taste. With the help of microwave extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the sample preparation method is aimed to determine the content of cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, and styrene in soy sauce. The method was validated by examining the linearity, accuracy, specificity, precision, the limit of detection, and quantitation. Meanwhile, three key factors have an impact on the efficiency and accuracy of the method including extracting solvent, temperature, and time which were optimized. The result shows that the recoveries of spiked analytes ranged from 80.86% to 105.71%, the relative standard deviation of intraday and interday precision was no more than 12.1% and 12.5%, and the limit of detection and quantitation were 0.25–1.00 ng/mL and 0.50–2.00 ng/mL, respectively. The results also indicated that the proposed method was a simple, reliable, and sensitive approach for the determination trace amount of five harmful volatile organic compounds from soy sauce.

Assessing Green Methods for Pectin Extraction from Waste Orange Peels

In this work, we assess three different methods for the extraction of pectin from waste orange peels, using water as extracting solvent. “Hot-water”, Rapid Solid Liquid Dynamic (RSLD) and microwave-assisted extractions have been compared and evaluated in terms of amount and quality of extracted pectin, as well as embodied energy. This analysis provides useful guidelines for pectin production from food waste according to green procedures, enabling the identification of acidic “hot-water” as the most sustainable extraction route.