Deletion of prominin-1 in mice results in disrupted photoreceptor outer segment protein homeostasis

AIM: To illustrate the underlying mechanism how prominin-1 (also known as Prom1) mutation contribute to progressive photoreceptor degeneration. METHODS: A CRISPR-mediated Prom1 knockout (Prom1-KO) mice model in the C57BL/6 was generated and the photoreceptor degeneration phenotypes by means of structural and functional tests were demonstrated. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis were performed to reveal the localization and quantity of related outer segment (OS) proteins. RESULTS: The Prom1-KO mice developed the photoreceptor degeneration phenotype including the decreased outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and compromised electroretinogram amplitude. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed impaired trafficking of photoreceptor OS proteins. Immunoblot data demonstrated decreased photoreceptor OS proteins. CONCLUSION: Prom1 deprivation causes progressive photoreceptor degeneration. Prom1 is essential for maintaining normal trafficking and normal quantity of photoreceptor OS proteins. The new light is shed on the pathogenic mechanism underlying photoreceptor degeneration caused by Prom1 mutation.

832 Dose-Dependent Quetiapine-Induced Somnambulism and Sleep-Related Eating Disorder

Introduction Parasomnias are abnormal sleep-related movements that can occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, or transition of sleep. The prevalence of parasomnias in young children ranges from 9–40% which may be underestimated as this relies on parental recall. There are multiple reported cases of pharmacologically-induced parasomnias. Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication associated with somnambulism and sleep-related eating disorder. Report of case(s) A 9-year-old female with a history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic-stress disorder, depression, and sexual abuse during childhood presented to the Sleep Medicine Clinic for two years of worsened sleepwalking and sleep eating. Her medications included Methylphenidate, Quetiapine, Clonidine, and Duloxetine. She has had parasomnias since she was 3-years-old, initially presenting as abnormal sleeping positions (standing or sitting). She was initiated on Seroquel at 4-years-old, but parasomnias worsened over the last two years when Quetiapine was increased from 50 mg to 200 mg for behavioral and mood issues. Her somnambulism began to occur nightly. The family was required to remove all items from her bedroom except for the bed to prevent major injuries. She also had significant changes to her eating habit: she would eat two to three times her normal quantity as well as eating while asleep. The family would find her eating ice cream, chips, grapes, cold tortillas, or anything she was able to access. Fortunately, she did not consume raw meat or other frozen foods. The child did not have any recollection of eating at night. Psychiatry worked with her to cross-taper Quetiapine and Topiramate. At the lower dose of Quetiapine, she had exacerbation of her mood symptoms, paranoia, and insomnia; therefore, Topiramate was discontinued and Quetiapine was titrated to 150 mg with improvement in mood symptoms, insomnia, and resolution of sleep-related eating disorder. She continues to have somnambulism. Conclusion This case illustrates that quetiapine-induced somnambulism and sleep-related eating disorder can be dose-dependent; thus, important for clinicians to educate patients and/or family members of adverse effects while titrating quetiapine. Support (if any):

UNDERSTANDING OF CONCEPT OF UDAKA IN AYURVEDA & MODERN PERSPECTIVE: A REVIEW

This review attempts to provide some concept about physiological aspect of Udaka in Ayurveda & its cor-relation with body water in modern perspective. Water is physiological basis of hydration & forms approx-imately 45-75% of total body weight (50-55% in female while 60- 65% in male) as total body water (TBW). Normal volume of water in body is highly essential to carry out all biological processes properly so is highly indispensable for life. In Ayurveda Udaka term is used to represent body water. Its normal quantity mentioned is ten Anjali meas-ured by one's own. It does not simply represent water in the body which we intake but signifies various form of body fluids like water fraction of Dhatus (Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Majja, Shukra), Upadhatus (Stanya and Vasa) and Malas (Mutra, Sweda and Dravyansh of Purish). It can be correlated with the concept of total body water in modern physiology.

Reduction of Medicine of PD’s Patients to Reduce Side Effects of Medicine and Brain Disorder Effects Using Crashing of Precedence Relationship Process of Operational Research (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Case of a Parkinson’s disease (PD’s). PD’s is caused by a decreased production of dopamine. It is progressive which means it develops gradually over a long period of time. It’s a neurodegenerative condition that’s caused by a loss of nerve cells in a certain part of the brain. People suffering from Parkinson’s disease can try something new, make a list of small tasks and complete them can help their body produce the dopamine it needs, and that reduce some symptoms of PD’s. There is no cure, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms. So while eating the right food and considering a lifestyle certainly cannot offset the effects of Parkinson’s disease entirely, a recommended diet and lifestyle can support their body’s ability to produce dopamine and combat symptoms of the disease. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken with aim to investigate the effects of Crashing. The objective of study is to reduce the quantity of medicine while minimizing effect of neurodegenerative brain disorder. METHODS The concept of crashing is the method for minimizing the side effects by reducing one or more critical order of medicine to decrease their normal quantity of medicine. Critical order of medicine is an order of medicine in which the sequence of order of medicine which add up to longest overall quantity of medicine. This determines the less quantity of medicine possible to reduce the neurodegenerative disorder effect. RESULTS A medicine consists of interrelated relationship which is to be related in a certain order before the entire order of medicine is completed. The medicine is represented in a form of interrelated logical sequence which is known as precedence relationship diagram for the purpose of analytical treatment to get the solution for reducing the amount of medicine and controlling the side effects of distinct medicine. When we speedup the activity, the crash effect of medicine will be higher when compare to normal effect of medicine to find the optimal crashed quantity of medicine to reduce movement disorder. CONCLUSIONS When speedup the activity, the normal quantity of medicine can be reduced to crash quantity of medicine. People suffering from Parkinson’s disease can do the following activity to increase their dopamine levels: Try something new, Make a list of small tasks and complete them, Avoid foods with excess fat and sugar, try to maintain a balanced diet that contains adequate protein, vitamins and minerals, Listen to music you enjoy, get enough sleep , do yoga and Exercise regularly can help their body produce the dopamine it needs, and that reduce some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. No food or diet can serve as a cure for Parkinson’s disease. But eating certain foods can help to minimize symptoms and help them to get the most out of their medication.

Impact of litter quantity on the soil bacteria community during the decomposition of Quercus wutaishanica litter

The forest ecosystem is the main component of terrestrial ecosystems. The global climate and the functions and processes of soil microbes in the ecosystem are all influenced by litter decomposition. The effects of litter decomposition on the abundance of soil microorganisms remain unknown. Here, we analyzed soil bacterial communities during the litter decomposition process in an incubation experiment under treatment with different litter quantities based on annual litterfall data (normal quantity, 200 g/(m2/yr); double quantity, 400 g/(m2/yr) and control, no litter). The results showed that litter quantity had significant effects on soil carbon fractions, nitrogen fractions, and bacterial community compositions, but significant differences were not found in the soil bacterial diversity. The normal litter quantity enhanced the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes and reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Plantctomycets and Nitrospiare. The Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltaproteobacteria were significantly less abundant in the normal quantity litter addition treatment, and were subsequently more abundant in the double quantity litter addition treatment. The bacterial communities transitioned from Proteobacteria-dominant (Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta) to Actinobacteria-dominant during the decomposition of the normal quantity of litter. A cluster analysis showed that the double litter treatment and the control had similar bacterial community compositions. These results suggested that the double quantity litter limited the shift of the soil bacterial community. Our results indicate that litter decomposition alters bacterial dynamics under the accumulation of litter during the vegetation restoration process, which provides important significant guidelines for the management of forest ecosystems.

Impact of litter quantity on the soil bacteria community during the decomposition of Quercus wutaishanica litter

The forest ecosystem is the main component of terrestrial ecosystems. The global climate and the functions and processes of soil microbes in the ecosystem are all influenced by litter decomposition. The effects of litter decomposition on the abundance of soil microorganisms remain unknown. Here, we analyzed soil bacterial communities during the litter decomposition process in an incubation experiment under treatment with different litter quantities based on annual litterfall data (normal quantity, 200 g/(m2/yr); double quantity, 400 g/(m2/yr) and control, no litter). The results showed that litter quantity had significant effects on soil carbon fractions, nitrogen fractions, and bacterial community compositions, but significant differences were not found in the soil bacterial diversity. The normal litter quantity enhanced the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes and reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Plantctomycets and Nitrospiare. The Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltaproteobacteria were significantly less abundant in the normal quantity litter addition treatment, and were subsequently more abundant in the double quantity litter addition treatment. The bacterial communities transitioned from Proteobacteria-dominant (Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta) to Actinobacteria-dominant during the decomposition of the normal quantity of litter. A cluster analysis showed that the double litter treatment and the control had similar bacterial community compositions. These results suggested that the double quantity litter limited the shift of the soil bacterial community. Our results indicate that litter decomposition alters bacterial dynamics under the accumulation of litter during the vegetation restoration process, which provides important significant guidelines for the management of forest ecosystems.

Impact of litter quantity on the soil bacteria community during the decomposition of Quercus wutaishanica litter

The forest ecosystem is the main component of terrestrial ecosystems. The global climate and the functions and processes of soil microbes in the ecosystem are all influenced by litter decomposition. The effects of litter decomposition on the abundance of soil microorganisms remain unknown. Here, we analyzed soil bacterial communities during the litter decomposition process in an incubation experiment under treatment with different litter quantities based on annual litterfall data (normal quantity, 200 g/(m2/yr); double quantity, 400 g/(m2/yr) and control, no litter). The results showed that litter quantity had significant effects on soil carbon fractions, nitrogen fractions, and bacterial community compositions, but significant differences were not found in the soil bacterial diversity. The normal litter quantity enhanced the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes and reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Plantctomycets and Nitrospiare. The Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltaproteobacteria were significantly less abundant in the normal quantity litter addition treatment, and were subsequently more abundant in the double quantity litter addition treatment. The bacterial communities transitioned from Proteobacteria-dominant (Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta) to Actinobacteria-dominant during the decomposition of the normal quantity of litter. A cluster analysis showed that the double litter treatment and the control had similar bacterial community compositions. These results suggested that the double quantity litter limited the shift of the soil bacterial community. Our results indicate that litter decomposition alters bacterial dynamics under the accumulation of litter during the vegetation restoration process, which provides important significant guidelines for the management of forest ecosystems.

Osteoblastic Response to the Defective Matrix in the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Murine (oim) Mouse

This work examines the cellular pathophysiology associated with the weakened bone matrix found in a murine model of osteogenesis imperfecta murine (oim). Histomorphometric analysis of oim/oim bone showed significantly diminished bone mass, and the osteoblast and osteoclast histomorphometric parameters were increased in the oim/oim mice, compared with wild-type (+/+) mice. To assess osteoblast activity, a rat Col1a1 promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter transgene was bred into the oim model. At 8 d and 1 month of age, no difference in transgene activity between oim and control mice was observed. However, at 3 months of age, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity was elevated in oim/oim;Tg/Tg, compared with +/+;Tg/Tg and oim/+;Tg/Tg. High levels of urinary pyridinoline crosslinks in the oim/oim;Tg/Tg mice were present at all ages, reflecting continuing high bone resorption. Our data portray a state of ineffective osteogenesis in which the mutant mouse never accumulates a normal quantity of bone matrix. However, it is only after the completion of the rapid growth phase that the high activity of the oim/oim osteoblast can compensate for the high rate of bone resorption. This relationship between bone formation and resorption may explain why the severity of osteogenesis imperfecta decreases after puberty is completed. The ability to quantify high bone turnover and advantages of using a transgene that reflects osteoblast lineage activity make this a useful model for studying interventions designed to improve the bone strength in osteogenesis imperfecta.