Was there any change in tobacco smoking among adults in Bangladesh during 2009–2017? Insights from two nationally representative cross-sectional surveys

ObjectiveThis study assessed the changes in prevalence and associated factors of tobacco smoking among Bangladeshi adults over time.DesignNationally representative cross-sectional surveys.SettingTwo most recent Global Adults Tobacco Survey (GATS) data from Bangladesh, carried out in 2009 and 2017.ParticipantsAdult population aged 15 and above (n=9629 in 2009; n=12 783 in 2017).Outcome measuresCurrent use of tobacco smoke, including cigarettes, bidi, hukkah, cigars or pipes, which was dichotomised (‘yes’/‘no’).MethodsWe analysed data from two recent rounds of GATS (2009 and 2017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used.ResultsThe overall prevalence of tobacco smoking among Bangladeshi adults was noted (23.00%, 95% CI 22.98 to 23.00 in 2009; 16.44%, 95% CI 16.43 to 16.45 in 2017). Being male (adjusted OR (AOR)=59.72, CI 40.56 to 87.93 for 2009; AOR=71.17, CI 41.08 to 123.32 for 2017), age between 25 and 64 years (all AORs >2 and p<0.05), smoking permissible at home (AOR=7.08, CI 5.88 to 8.52 for 2009; AOR=5.90, CI 5.34 to 6.95 for 2017), and watching tobacco smoking product use in movie/drama scenes (AOR=1.26, CI 1.11 to 1.44 for 2009; AOR=1.34, CI 1.17 to 1.54 for 2017) were found to be significantly associated with increased tobacco smoking among adults both in 2009 and in 2017. However, being offered free tobacco sample products (AOR=0.66, CI 0.57 to 0.77 for 2009; AOR=0.87, CI 0.76 to 0.99 for 2017) and having primary, secondary or higher education (all AORs <1 and p<0.05) as well as being a student (AOR=0.16, CI 0.09 to 0.29 for 2009; AOR=0.32, CI 0.19 to 0.53) were associated with lower odds of tobacco smoking in both surveys.ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of tobacco smoking has declined over the period, it is still high among those who were relatively older, men, less educated and exposed to a movie/drama where tobacco smoking is promoted. Therefore, appropriate interventions are required to stop tobacco smoking among the Bangladeshi population.

Analisis Respons Sensor Electroni Tongue terhadap Sampel Ganja menggunakan Support Vector Machine

Electronic tongue sensors consisting of 16 sensor array made of TOMA and OA lipids that have been used to classify samples of pure cannabis, cannabis mixed with tea and cannabis mixed with tobacco does not involve the feature selection technique so that a lot of duplicated data is generated from data sampling. Feature selection is performed using PCA. Data analysis resulted in loading values shows the contribution of each sensor, and the similarity in sensor performance in characterizing samples, then analyzed using the correlation test so that the sensors that produce redundant information are known. Validation is performed using the SVM method and the classification performance is compared to the original sensor.The sensor optimization produces a subset of features with 6 sensors (Sensor 7, Sensor 10, Sensor 12, Sensors 13, Sensor 14 and Sensor 15) in the cannabis-tea sample test and a feature subset with 3 sensors (Sensor 3, Sensor 7 and Sensor 14) in the cannabis-tobacco sample test. Sensor optimization that has been done produced classification accuracy by 100% and shorten the running time by a difference of 0.578 microseconds in the test of cannabis-tea samples and a difference of 1.696 microseconds in the test of cannabis-tobacco samples.

A Collaborative Study for the Determination of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines in Tobacco

The manuscript presents results from a collaborative study by 15 different laboratories using two different methods to determine tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in tobacco and was performed under the auspices of the Tobacco Science Research Conference Analytical Methods Committee (TSRC-AMC). Although it is apparent that some of the laboratories failed to follow the provided protocols, both methods proved robust for determining TSNAs in a variety of different tobacco types. Twelve laboratories extracted the tobacco sample using an alkaline-methylene chloride extraction (Method 1) and nine used a buffer to extract the tobacco sample (Method 2). Six laboratories performed both methods. All participants used gas chromatography (GC) to separate the TSNAs and chemiluminescence detection. Method 1 used N-hexyl-N-nitroso-1-hexanamine (NDHA) as a surrogate (added prior to extraction) internal standard for quantitation. Method 2 used N-nitrosoguvacoline (NG) as the surrogate internal standard, NDHA as a chromatographic (added after extraction, prior to analysis) internal standard and external standard quantitation. After demonstrating that the average accuracy of both methods was at least about 92% through recovery studies, eight different tobacco types were analyzed in triplicate by each method. Means, reproducibility (precision between laboratories) and repeatability (precision within a laboratory) of results were determined for each method. After statistical analyses, it was established that both methods were capable of analyzing a variety of tobacco types and repeatability between methods was not significantly different. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were lower for Method 2 as compared to Method 1 when using the surrogate internal standard. Reproducibility variation, analyzed as the coefficient of variation, was 6% lower for Method 2 vs. Method 1 for N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and directionally 12% lower for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Method 2 using NDHA as the chromatographic internal standard has been recommended by the TSRC-AMC for use as a reference method. However, Method 1 using NDHA as surrogate internal standard is favored by four of the study participants because of lower chemical and material costs and higher sample throughput.

Evaluation of Selected Steroids as Chemical Markers of Past or Presently Occurring Fungal Infections on Tobacco

Three fungal strains isolated from tobacco were cultured on tobacco water extracts. In these cultures, the mycelium weight was shown to be correlated with the concentration of a steroid, ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3ss-ol [ergosterol]. This steroid is not a tobacco constituent, but tobacco samples where mold or yeast infections had occurred exhibited significant amounts of it. A method is proposed to quantify ergosterol in tobacco samples by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection at 282 nm. 7-Dehydrocholesterol can be used as internal standard. When found in a tobacco sample, the ergosterol concentration exhibits a good correlation with that of another related steroid, ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one [ETO], for which an HPLC quantification method in tobacco is proposed. Because it is highly fluorescent, ETO is also amenable to a sensitive and quick determination by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Once produced on tobacco, ergosterol concentration remains stable through storage under normal conditions, and even primary processing does not alter it appreciably. Possible applications of ergosterol analysis to the detection of fungal infections or the monitoring of fungal growth on tobacco are outlined. In addition, TLC estimation of the ETO concentration in a sample may constitute a convenient and fast screening method for fungal infections.

An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Ammonia in Tobacco

A procedure for the automated determination of ammonia in tobacco has been developed. Ammonia is extracted from the ground tobacco sample with water and is determined with a Technicon Auto Analyser system which employs separation of the ammonia through volatilization followed by colourimetry using the phenate-hypochlorite reaction. The procedure has been applied to a variety of tobaccos containing from 0.02 to 0.5 % ammonia with an overall relative standard deviation of 2 %. The accuracy of the procedure as judged by recovery tests and by comparison to a manual distillation method is considered adequate

Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Starch in Tobacco

A method is presented for extracting and determining the starch content of tobacco. Dried tobacco is ground to pass a 60 mesh screen, interfering colored materials are removed from the tobacco by a methanol-water extraction, and the starch is extracted from the tobacco by a perchloric acid treatment. Final quantitative measurement of the starch is made on a colored starch–iodine complex. The absorbance of this colored complex at 600 nm is proportional to the concentration of the starch in solution and can be related to the starch content of the original tobacco sample. Also included is a procedure for the isolation of pure tobacco starch. Such material was prepared for use as a calibration standard needed for the calculation of starch content of tobacco samples from the colorimetric data.

Petroleum Ether Extractables in Tobacco

Eleven collaborators participated in a study of two methods for the determination of the petroleum ether extractables in tobacco: Method I, a Soxhlet extraction of a 1 g, finely-ground tobacco sample for 3 hours; Method II, a Goldfisch extraction of a 1 g, finelyground tobacco sample for 8 hours. The petroleum ether extract was evaporated on a steam bath until the ether odor disappeared, and the residues were dried in a forced draft oven for 1 hour at 100 ± 1° C. Samples were cooled in a desiccator containing anhydrous CaCl2 before weighing the petroleum ether extractables. Good reproducibility was obtained for both methods on duplicate analyses within laboratories. However, the precision between laboratories was not as good as that within laboratories.