Spectral analysis and Antibacterial activity of the bioactive principles of Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh collected from the Red sea, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Seaweeds are a major marine resource that can be explored to develop novel pharmaceutical molecules. The present study showed the presence of unique bioactive components in the petroleum ether extract (PEE) and methanolic extract (ME) of Sargassum tenerrimum. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis suggested that the PEE of S. tenerrimum contained antibacterial biomolecules: hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 17-pentatriacontene, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, and acetate (ester). However, the ME of S. tenerrimum exhibited better antibacterial effect than the PEE due to the presence of the bioactive compounds 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, tetratetracontane, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzenediol, and benzoic acid. Thus, promising antibacterial molecules can be isolated from S. tenerrimum for better therapeutic use.

Immunomodulatory effect of petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate fraction of bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) in vitro

Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) contains phytosterol and the isoflavone daidzein, which are thought to have immunomodulatory activity. There have been no studies reporting on the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extract containing polar and semi-polar compounds, such as phytosterols and isoflavone-like compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extracts, including petroleum ether extract (PEE), methanol extract (ME), and the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of bengkoang, in vitro. The immunomodulatory effects of PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang were determined according to the phagocytic activity of macrophages based on phagocytosis of latex beads, lymphocyte proliferation, and detection of cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Results: The phagocytic index and phagocytic capacity of ME, PEE, and EAF of bengkoang on macrophage cells were significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas lymphocyte proliferation was unchanged compared with the control (p > 0.05), and ME of bengkoang enhanced the levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. In contrast, PEE and EAF of bengkoang decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared with the control group. All of the bengkoang extracts decrease the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In conclusion, this study showed that PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang could increase the non-specific immune response (phagocytic activity) but had a lesser effect on the specific immune response (lymphocyte proliferation). The ME of bengkoang acts as an immunostimulant by increasing the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and decreasing those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

Phytosomes of Naphthoquinone enriched Extract of Root bark of Onosma echioides exhibit wound healing activity in Rats

The present study is aimed at evaluation of phytosomal gel of the petroleum ether extract of root bark of Onosma echiodes for wound healing activity in rats. Extract of root bark of O. echioides was standardized by isolated naphthoquinone dimer using HPTLC. Phytosomes (equivalent to 2% w/w of naphthoquinones) of the standardized extract were prepared by thin film hydration technique. The wound healing efficacy of the formulation was evaluated in rats by inflicting excision and incision wounds followed by treatment of the wounds topically. The parameters evaluated for healing included determination of breaking strength and tensile strength of healed skin for incision model and percentage wound contraction, hydroxyproline content, granulation tissue free radicals and catalase in excision wound model. The formulation treated group showed a significant healing (p<0.005) of both the excision and incision wounds with respect to wound contraction and tensile strength respectively, as compared to vehicle treated group. The oxidative stress of the granulation tissue was also found to be reduced as indicated by reduced lipid peroxidation and increase in catalase activity. The phytosomal gel of O. echioides effectively exhibited wound healing effect.

GC/MS Profiling and Ex Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica (Siwak) against Enterococcus faecalis as Intracanal Medicament

Introduction. Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) has been used for many centuries as oral hygiene tools, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of S. persica petroleum ether extract (SPE) as an intracanal bactericidal for endodontic treatment against Enterococcus faecalis. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gold standard intracanal medicament was used for comparison. Methods. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out to identify the components of SPE. First, the consistency of SPE was accomplished according to ANSI/ADA specification no 57. Forty-five single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with that of E. faecalis suspension. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before the medicaments’ application (CFU-1) and after seven days of their applications (CFU-2). Group I: SPE, Group II: positive control Ca(OH)2, and Group III: saline solution negative control. The microdilution method was applied to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SPE. Results. Thirty-two compounds were identified (89.09%), with main components of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) (33.32%) and steroids (34%). CFU before and after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 recorded a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count ( P = 0.006 ) and ( P = 0.01 ), respectively. There was an insignificant difference between CFU after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 ( P = 0.210 ). On the contrary, comparing both medicaments with the negative control saline group resulted in significant differences, ( P = 0.001 ) and ( P = 0.007 ), respectively. Moreover, the equality of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SPE is recorded. Conclusion. This finding could be referred to the high content of bactericidal BITC in synergism with other antimicrobial components, representing 70.71% of SPE. Thus, SPE is a good candidate as an intracanal medicament, which warrants further investigation.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF SENNA TORA (L.) ROXB

Plants have always been an important source of medicines since ancient times and seventy percent of the worldwide population still relies on one or other forms of traditional plant based medicine. Plant items have been essential for phytomedicines since days of yore. These can be derived from any part of the plants like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, etc. The present exploration has been conducted in the leaf of Senna tora performing various phytochemical tests to identify the secondary metabolites present in it such as alkaloids, flavonoids, sugars, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, phenolic compounds, Vitamin C, proteins, amino acids and carbohydrates. The maximum phenolic content was presented in methanol solvents 1.41 ± 0.44 and lowest content was presented in petroleum ether extract 0.17 ± 0.21. Antibacterial activity were estimated and evaluated by using different types of extract against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Bacillus thuriengensis and Staphylococcus. Among these the maximum antibacterial activity (Zone of inhibition 19.0 mm) shown against Klebsiella pneumoniae in the extract of Petroleum ether. The minimum antibacterial activity observed (Zone of inhibition 11.0 mm) against Staphylococcus ceureus in extract of Ethanol extract of Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Keywords: Senna tora (L.), phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity, bacterial strains

Isolation and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity of Epigallocatechin from Senegalia rugata along with PUFAs

Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose, Synonym: Acacia concinna (Wild.) DC., Family: Fabaceae is one of the ayurvedic medicinal plant and commonly known as shikakai. The pods of S. rugata are normally used for cleansing of hair naturally due to the presence of higher content of saponins. In this study, we have isolated six compounds consisting of epigallocatechin (monomeric proanthocyanidin) from ethanol extract of S. rugata and a mixture of methyl esters of five polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): methyl oleate, glyceryl trilinoleate, methyl linoleate methyl eicosenoate and methyl vernolate from petroleum ether extract of S rugata. The structures of the six compounds were elucidated using 1HNMR, 13CNMR and IR spectral studies. Epigallocatechin has shown significant in vitro anti-inflammatory property in a dose-dependent manner using the HRBC membrane stabilization method.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of the fruits of Synsepalum dulcificum (Sapotaceae)

Purpose: To evaluate the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum (Sapotaceae) against six bacterial strains and on two different colorectal cancer cell lines, respectively.Methods: The dried fruit of the plant was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus successively with petroleum ether and ethanol, and concentrated in a rotary evaporator to obtain petroleum ether and ethanol extract, respectively. Phytochemical screening was done on the two extracts. The antimicrobial effects of the extracts against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogene, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris were evaluated using agar well diffusiontechnique while the anticancer effect of the ethanol extract was assessed on HCT-116 and primary colon epithelial (PCE) cell lines by MTT assay.Results: The results indicate that the petroleum ether extract of Synsepalum dulcificum fruits exerted stronger antimicrobial activity than the ethanol extract. The ethanol extract also showed significant anticancer activity (p < 0.05). The calculated half-maximal concentration (IC50) of the extract on HCT- 116 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h are 14.99, 8.97, and 8.54 μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 of the extract on PCE cell lines at 24, 48, and 72 h are 236.25, 206.09, and 196.72 μg/mL, respectively. The extract was more toxic to cancer cells than to normal cells.Conclusion: The results of this study lend some justification for the use of the fruits of Synsepalum dulcificum as an antibacterial and anticancer agent.

Phytochemical screening and hemolytique activity of some leaves extracts of Lantana camara L.

Medicinal plants have several therapeutic properties; they have been used for a long time to treat different diseases. Lantana camara L. has been widely used by man for healing these diseases. In this study, four leaves extracts of L. camara were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to determine the presence and/or the absence of phytochemical constituents; In addition, they were tested for hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes. This activity is performed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method at 520 nm and at five different concentrations (125 µg/ml, 250 µg/ml, 500 µg/ml, 750 µg/ml, and 1000 µg/ml). The phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytochemical groups such as phenolic compounds, saponins, sterols, tannins, flavonoids, reducing compounds and the absence of alkaloids in the four extracts. These same extracts showed average hemolytic activity sequentially: chloroformic extract, petroleum ether extract, aqueous extract and then methanolic extract. This activity is dependent on the concentration of the extract.