ENHANCING COASTAL RESILIENCY OF HYPOTHETICAL LAND RECLAMATION SCENARIOS WITH MANGROVE FOREST AND OYSTER REEF ASSESSED BY ADCIRC AND SWAN STORM SURGE MODEL

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of mangrove forests and oyster reefs on reducing the damages from typhoons in hypothetical land reclamation scenarios in Atimonan, Philippines. Storm surge simulations were ran using ADCIRC and SWAN coupled model on the local government unit’s (LGU) land reclamation plan and the proposed crenulate bay reclamation plan, both with concrete seawall, mangrove forests and oyster reefs. Inputs to the model include modified topography and bathymetry, coastline, land cover, typhoon Durian data and tidal potential constituents. Simulations show that the crenulate bay reclamation plan is better by 39.15% than the LGU’s land reclamation plan on reducing typhoon winds and storm surge inundation extent induced by Typhoon Durian. However, this advantage comes with an additional implementation cost of 11.02%. This study is envisioned to help the land reclamation project of Atimonan LGU to be resilient against typhoon winds and coastal inundation.

Policy Networks: Actors, Interests, and Power Relations in the Jakarta Bay Reclamation Project

This case study seeks to understand the policy-making of the Jakarta bay reclamation project through the analytical lens of the policy networks. It posits that different policy networks would possibly produce or condition different policy outcomes in the project. The study uses a qualitative secondary data analysis. The study found: First, policy changes in the project, from initiation to implementation and finally termination, might be explained through the formation and transformation of different types of policy networks. Overall, the networks were characterized by fluctuating interactions among actors and the persistent power struggle between economic, environmental, and societal interests. Second, the networks’ type changes were possible due to two factors: (1) the political context of the 2017 gubernatorial election; and (2) the influences of environmental and societal ideas. Studi kasus ini berupaya untuk memahami pembuatan kebijakan proyek reklamasi teluk Jakarta melalui lensa analitik policy networks. Studiiniberasumsi bahwa jenis policy networksyang berbeda mungkin akan menghasilkan atau mengkondisikan hasil kebijakan yang berbeda dalam proyektersebut. Hasil studi ini menemukanbeberapatemuan. Pertama, perubahan kebijakan dalam proyek, dari inisiasi hingga implementasi dan akhirnya penghentian, dapat dijelaskan melalui pembentukan dan transformasi berbagai jenis policy networks. Secara keseluruhan, networkstersebutditandai oleh interaksi yang berfluktuasi di antara para aktor dan perebutan kekuasaan yang terus-menerus antara kepentingan ekonomi dan lingkungan dan masyarakat. Kedua, perubahan jenis networks tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan oleh dua faktor: (1) konteks politik Pilgub 2017; dan (2) pengaruh gerakanpemikiran lingkungan dan sosial.

Nowhere to Call Home: A Study of Sanmenxia-Reservoir Resettlement From Henan To Gansu, 1956–1965

In the late 1950s, the creation of a large reservoir for the Sanmenxia hydropower project required the displacement of tens of thousands of households along the Yellow River. Simultaneously, the state commenced a land-reclamation project, sending people from populated areas to the frontiers. Under the supervision of county and provincial authorities, more than 7,000 reservoir inhabitants from Henan were mobilized to migrate to Dunhuang, an oasis surrounded by the Gobi Desert in the northwest. The socialist state's pursuit of irrigation and hydroelectricity benefits not only altered the waterscape of the Yellow River; it also impacted nearby rural communities as well as those a thousand miles away. From the high-modernist perspective, the state-sponsored demographic engineering and the Yellow River engineering seemed to complement each other well. Yet, with the massive flight of resettlers, the state-envisioned integration of reservoir displacement and frontier reclamation ultimately failed.

Analysis of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) Reclamation Policy of Makassar City in the Environmental Political Perspective

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts that arise from the CPI reclamation, viewed from the perspective of environmental politics. From an environmental perspective, the reclamation policy does not have a good impact according to its essence and purpose, it actually increases disaster risk for Makassar City, especially coastal areas, both land and sea. This research was conducted qualitatively in a case study of the CPI reclamation, by conducting in-depth interviews and field observations as well as extracting the necessary data from related sources. The CPI reclamation has attracted the attention of a number of NGOs that have formed an alliance to demand that the reclamation be stopped because it has damaged the surrounding environment and has caused economic and material harm to coastal communities. Fishermen and shellfish seekers totaling 43 heads of families who inhabit a land area of approximately 10 hectares, were evicted by the Southern Provincial Government for the construction of CPI reclamation. The sustainability of the CPI reclamation project is still reaping the pros and cons until now, especially the negative impacts that are generated are not only socio-economic problems but also have an impact on the environment. The reclamation policy actually has a negative impact on the environment, contrary to the essence of the policy itself which should bring goodness to life.

Numerical simulation of the impact of an integrated renovation project on the Maowei Sea hydrodynamic environment

Integrated renovation projects are important for marine ecological environment protection. Three-dimensional hydrodynamics and water quality models are developed for the Maowei Sea to assess the hydrodynamic environment base on the MIKE3 software with high resolution meshes. The results showed that the flow velocity changed minimally after the project, decreasing by approximately 0.12 m/s in the east of the Maowei Sea area and increasing by approximately 0.01 m/s in the northeast of the Shajing Port. The decrease in tidal prism (~ 2.66 × 106 m3) was attributed to land reclamation, and accounted for just 0.86% of the pre-project level. The water exchange half-life increased by approximately 1 day, implying a slightly reduced water exchange capacity. Siltation occurred mainly in the reclamation and dredging areas, amounting to back-silting of approximately 2 cm/year. Reclamation project is the main factor causing the decrease of tidal volume and weakening the hydrodynamics in Maowei Sea. Adaptive management is necessary for such a comprehensive regulation project. According to the result, we suggest that reclamation works should strictly prohibit and dredging schemes should optimize in the subsequent regulation works.

Significant factors impact of reclamation on environmental, economic, and social cultural aspects in Makassar city

Reclamation at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) in Makassar City was initiated by the South Sulawesi Provincial Government. The sustainability of the CPI reclamation project is still reaping the pros and cons until now. Reclamation policies can have both good and bad impacts on environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects. Contrary to the essence of the policy that should bring goodness to the lives of the people of Makassar, the CPI reclamation has attracted the attention of several NGOs that allied to demand that the reclamation be stopped because it has damaged the surrounding environment and has adversely affected coastal communities economically and materially. This study aims to obtain significant factors that can have an impact on coastal reclamation on environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects in the city of Makassar. This research was conducted qualitatively in a Review Study of CPI reclamation case. The method used is a literature study, in-depth interviews, and field observations as well as digging the necessary data from related sources, to analyze the impacts that arise from the CPI reclamation, in terms of environmental, economic, and socio-cultural perspectives. The results of this study are the acquisition of significant factors that influence and have a systemic impact on the coastal reclamation activities in the city of Makassar which are very useful for formulating the best policies in reclamation activities towards a prosperous and prosperous society.

Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan

In Pakistan, many subsurface (SS) drainage projects were launched by the Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) to deal with twin problems (waterlogging and salinity). In some cases, sump pumps were installed for the disposal of SS effluent into surface drainage channels. Presently, sump pumps have become dysfunctional due to social and financial constraints. This study evaluates the alternate design of the Paharang drainage system that could permit the discharge of the SS drainage system in the response of gravity. The proposed design was completed after many successive trials in terms of lowering the bed level and decreasing the channel bed slope. Interconnected MS-Excel worksheets were developed to design the L-section and X-section. Design continuity of the drainage system was achieved by ensuring the bed and water levels of the receiving drain were lower than the outfalling drain. The drain cross-section was set within the present row with a few changes on the service roadside. The channel side slope was taken as 1:1.5 and the spoil bank inner and outer slopes were kept as 1:2 for the entire design. The earthwork was calculated in terms of excavation for lowering the bed level and increasing the drain section to place the excavated materials in a specific manner. The study showed that modification in the design of the Paharang drainage system is technically admissible and allows for the continuous discharge of SS drainage effluent from the area.

Climate Change Controls Phosphorus Transport from the Watershed into Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Part of the Kinneret watershed, the Hula Valley, was modified from wetlands – shallow lake for agricultural cultivation. Enhancement of nutrient fluxes into Lake Kinneret was predicted. Therefore, a reclamation project was implemented and eco-tourism partly replaced agriculture. Since the mid-1980s, regional climate change has been documented. Statistical evaluation of long-term records of TP (Total Phosphorus) concentrations in headwaters and potential resources in the Hula Valley was carried out to identify efficient management design targets. Significant correlation between major headwater river discharge and TP concentration was indicated, whilst the impact of external fertilizer loads and 50,000 winter migratory cranes was probably negligible. Nevertheless, confirmed severe bdamage to agricultural crops carried out by cranes led to their maximal deportation and optimization of their feeding policy. Consequently, the continuation of the present management is recommended.