Comparison of Classification Algorithms for Detecting Typical Coastal Reclamation in Guangdong Province with Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 Images

Coastal reclamation in Guangdong Province is highly concentrated and is growing rapidly. However, intensive reclamation use has resulted in serious influence on the coastal ecosystem, directly and indirectly. The current conditions and spatial distribution of reclamations must be detected for coastal preservation and management using efficient technology. This study aims to find a suitable method and data to map reclamations accurately at a large scale. Pixel-based and object-oriented classification methods were applied in extracting the three typical types of coastal reclamation, namely, ports, aquaculture ponds, and salt pans, in Guangdong Province from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 images. The algorithms of a support vector machine, random forest, decision tree, and rule-based algorithm were performed. Classification results were compared with statistical measures to assess the performance of different algorithms. The results indicated that all of the algorithms could obtain classification results with high accuracy, whereas the object-oriented algorithm showed less efficiency than other algorithms in classifying ports with complicated features. High-resolution data were not always superior to lower-resolution data in the reclamation classification. Generally speaking, applying the rule-based object-oriented algorithm in Sentinel 2A MSI images is relatively efficient at detecting the reclamation use in coastal Guangdong considering its actual situation. The mapping of reclamations in the whole of coastal Guangdong shows that they present obvious agglomeration characteristics in the space. The aquaculture ponds are mainly distributed in the coastal zones of western Guangdong and eastern Guangdong, with the largest area of 77,963 ha. The other types of ports are mainly distributed in the coastal zones of the Pearl River Delta, with an area of 8146 ha, while salt pans are mainly distributed in the coastal zones of Jiangmen, Zhuhai, and Zhongshan, with a total area of 4072 ha. The results can provide key supporting data for decision making in coastal management and preservation.

Power Relation and White-Collar Crime: Case Study of Coastal Reclamation in Indonesia

This research aims to understand the power relation and white-collar crime on managing the coastal reclamation and its implication in Indonesia that is very significant at the ontological and sociological level. The problem is very interesting to be analyzed by conducting a qualitative research method based on power theory and crime theory. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation related to coastal reclamation and its implication in Indonesia. Data were analyzed by using interactive models are data reduction, data display, data verification, and supported by triangulation. The results were based on ontological and sociological levels using criminology perspective for understanding the coastal reclamation and its implication in Indonesia that are needed for providing information to stakeholders related to the regulations and sanctions. This result provides inputs for making better regulation on coastal reclamation policy in Indonesia for state agencies as public officials and practitioners.

Eko-Spiritualitas Trinitaris: Sebuah Upaya Membangun Spiritualitas Lingkungan terhadap Krisis Lingkungan (Reklamasi Pantai) di Manado

The environmental crisis has always been an endless issue to discuss. Especially in reality, the ecological crisis is already on an alarming level. One of the ecological crises is the beach reclamation that occurred in Manado. Beach reclamation causes damage to marine ecosystems, for example, the destruction of coral reefs on the coastal area. In addition, it also caused flash floods in Manado. The society in Manado then begins to blame nature without wanting to examine it first. The question that arises is why does exploitation of nature, such as beach reclamation, continue to occur? My guess is that there was a theological crisis which later led to an ecological crisis. The theological crisis is related to the concept that God is understood to be distanced from creation. This is exactly what William Johnston and Leonardo Boff, a philosopher and liberation theologian, conducted through the theory of the Communion of God. This concerns the wrong understanding of the trinity of God and assumes that there is power over the others, so what occurs is oppression, deprivation of rights, and exclusion. For this reason, using the theories of Boff and Johnston, we will both see in this paper how the Minahasa trinitarian faith is connected with the concept of the Minahasan God of the ecological crisis, in this case coastal reclamation. However, if we trace back, the relationship between Minahasan and the nature was relatively close. This is based on the concept of a Trinitarian of God whose duty is to protect humans and nature. For this reason, I hope that the results of this paper will be able to build a trinitarian eco-spirituality in the lives of people in Manado to continue to strive to preserve nature, not to damage it. AbstrakKrisis lingkungan (ekologi) selalu menjadi isu yang tidak pernah habis untuk didiskusikan karena krisis ekologi sudah dalam taraf yang memprihatinkan. Salah satu krisis ekologi yaitu reklamasi pantai yang terjadi di Manado. Reklamasi pantai menyebabkan rusaknya ekosistem laut, misalnya, hancurnya terumbu karang yang ada di pesisir pantai. Selain itu, reklamasi pantai menyebabkan terjadinya banjir bandang di Manado. Masyarakat mulai menyalahkan alam tanpa mau mengkajinya terlebih dahulu. Pertanyaan yang kemudian muncul adalah mengapa exploitasi terhadap alam, misalnya reklamasi pantai, masih terus terjadi? Dugaan penulis bahwa terdapat krisis teologi yang kemudian menyebabkan krisis ekologi. Krisis teologi yang dimaksudkan yaitu konsep bahwa Allah yang dipahami berjarak dari ciptaan. Krisis teologi tersebut senada dengan apa yang dikeluhkan oleh William Johnston dan Leonardo Boff, seorang filsuf dan teolog pembebasan melalui teorinya communion of God. Hal tersebut terkait dengan paham yang keliru tentang ketritunggalan Allah dan menganggap bahwa ada yang berkuasa terhadap yang lain, sehingga yang terjadi adalah penindasan, perampasan hak, penyingkiran, dan lain-lain. Untuk itu, dengan menggunakan teori Boff dan Johnston, penulis akan melihat bagaimana penghayatan iman trinitaris orang Minahasa yang dihubungkan dengan konsep Allah orang Minahasa terhadap krisis ekologi dalam hal ini reklamasi pantai. Karena jika merunut ke belakang, hubungan orang Minahasa dulu dengan alam tergolong akrab. Hal ini didasari pada konsep tentang Allah trinitaris yang bertugas untuk menjaga manusia dan alam. Untuk itu penulis berharap hasil yang ditemukan dapat membangun eko-spiritualitas trinitaris di dalam kehidupan masyarakat di Manado untuk terus berupaya menjaga dan memelihara alam, bukan merusak.

Identification of Reclamation Area in Ancol of North Jakarta Using Resistivity Method

The coastal reclamation area is an expansion of coastal areas through technical engineering to develop new land areas. Identification of the reclamation area can be performed by detecting subsurface imaging using the resistivity method. This study used a multi-electrode (multichannel) resistivity imaging method. The resistivity imaging results show a good response of subsurface resistivity and successfully identified reclamation area with low resistivity <27.8 Ωm in almost the study area. Its depth varies from 4 meters to 30 meters. The reclamation results are composed of loose rock that has not been fully compacted, so it has not been well consolidated. As a result, it will experience land subsidence if overload.

Spatio-Temporal Change of Land Use in a Coastal Reclamation Area: A Complex Network Approach

Coastal ecological protection and restoration projects aimed to restore and recover the ecological environment of coastal wetland with high-intensity human reclamation activity, while the integrity of the coastal wetland system with human reclamation activity and the ability of individual land use types to control the overall system were not fully considered. In this study, a six-stage land use conversion network was constructed by using a complex network model to analyze coastal land use dynamic changes in the coastal reclamation area located in eastern China from 1977 to 2016. The results showed that land use types had gradually transformed from being dominated by natural types to artificial types, and the speed of transformation was accelerating. The proportion of un-reclaimed area decreased from 93% in 1977 to 46% in 2007, and finally fell to 8% in 2014 and 2016. Tidal flat and halophytic vegetation were the main output land use types, while cropland, woodland and aquaculture pond were the main input land use types. Cropland had the highest value of betweenness centrality, which played a key role in land use change from 1992 to 2014. The land use system of the coastal reclamation area was the most stable in 2002–2007, followed by 1984–1992, and the most unstable in 2007–2014. The Chinese and local government should carry out some measures to improve the land use in coastal wetland ecosystems, including the allocation and integration of land use for production space, living space, and ecological space, and develop multi-functionality of land use to realize the coastal high-quality development and coastal ecological protection and restoration.

Significant factors impact of reclamation on environmental, economic, and social cultural aspects in Makassar city

Reclamation at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) in Makassar City was initiated by the South Sulawesi Provincial Government. The sustainability of the CPI reclamation project is still reaping the pros and cons until now. Reclamation policies can have both good and bad impacts on environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects. Contrary to the essence of the policy that should bring goodness to the lives of the people of Makassar, the CPI reclamation has attracted the attention of several NGOs that allied to demand that the reclamation be stopped because it has damaged the surrounding environment and has adversely affected coastal communities economically and materially. This study aims to obtain significant factors that can have an impact on coastal reclamation on environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects in the city of Makassar. This research was conducted qualitatively in a Review Study of CPI reclamation case. The method used is a literature study, in-depth interviews, and field observations as well as digging the necessary data from related sources, to analyze the impacts that arise from the CPI reclamation, in terms of environmental, economic, and socio-cultural perspectives. The results of this study are the acquisition of significant factors that influence and have a systemic impact on the coastal reclamation activities in the city of Makassar which are very useful for formulating the best policies in reclamation activities towards a prosperous and prosperous society.