Interactive Decision Tree Learning and Decision Rule Extraction Based on the ImbTreeEntropy and ImbTreeAUC Packages

This paper presents two new R packages ImbTreeEntropy and ImbTreeAUC for building decision trees, including their interactive construction and analysis, which is a highly regarded feature for field experts who want to be involved in the learning process. ImbTreeEntropy functionality includes the application of generalized entropy functions, such as Renyi, Tsallis, Sharma-Mittal, Sharma-Taneja and Kapur, to measure the impurity of a node. ImbTreeAUC provides non-standard measures to choose an optimal split point for an attribute (as well the optimal attribute for splitting) by employing local, semi-global and global AUC measures. The contribution of both packages is that thanks to interactive learning, the user is able to construct a new tree from scratch or, if required, the learning phase enables making a decision regarding the optimal split in ambiguous situations, taking into account each attribute and its cut-off. The main difference with existing solutions is that our packages provide mechanisms that allow for analyzing the trees’ structures (several trees simultaneously) that are built after growing and/or pruning. Both packages support cost-sensitive learning by defining a misclassification cost matrix, as well as weight-sensitive learning. Additionally, the tree structure of the model can be represented as a rule-based model, along with the various quality measures, such as support, confidence, lift, conviction, addedValue, cosine, Jaccard and Laplace.

Slope- watershed coupling simulation under different vegetation coverage based on GAST model

A non-equilibrium sediment transport soil erosion model based on finite volume method (FVM) coupled with two-dimensional hydrodynamic process is proposed, application of the GPU techniques in the numerical model, making it possible to simulate the sediment transport and bed evolution in a high resolution but efficient way. The first-order Gudonov format FVM is used to discreting the control equation. The variables on both sides of the unit interface are obtained by limiting slope interpolation. An efficient and robust non-negative depth reconstruction algorithm is used to solve the dry-wet boundary problem. This algorithm makes the model have second-order accuracy in space, and also effectively suppresses the numerical oscillation. Harten, Lax van Leer Contact (HLLC) approximate Riemann solver is used to calculate mass and momentum flux, and the friction source term is calculated by the proposed split point implicit method. These values are evaluated by a novel 2D edge-based MUSCL scheme. The code is programmed using C++ and CUDA, which can be run on GPU to greatly accelerate the calculation speed. In this paper, two numerical experiments show that the model performs well in accuracy and robustness of the algorithm in the process of slope erosion and watershed erosion. The constructed model can simulate the soil erosion of slope and watershed gully under different vegetation coverage, and characterize the erosion process of interaction between slope and gully.

ImbTreeEntropy and ImbTreeAUC: Novel R Packages for Decision Tree Learning on the Imbalanced Datasets

This paper presents two R packages ImbTreeEntropy and ImbTreeAUC to handle imbalanced data problems. ImbTreeEntropy functionality includes application of a generalized entropy functions, such as Rényi, Tsallis, Sharma–Mittal, Sharma–Taneja and Kapur, to measure impurity of a node. ImbTreeAUC provides non-standard measures to choose an optimal split point for an attribute (as well the optimal attribute for splitting) by employing local, semi-global and global AUC (Area Under the ROC curve) measures. Both packages are applicable for binary and multiclass problems and they support cost-sensitive learning, by defining a misclassification cost matrix, and weighted-sensitive learning. The packages accept all types of attributes, including continuous, ordered and nominal, where the latter type is simplified for multiclass problems to reduce the computational overheads. Both applications enable optimization of the thresholds where posterior probabilities determine final class labels in a way that misclassification costs are minimized. Model overfitting can be managed either during the growing phase or at the end using post-pruning. The packages are mainly implemented in R, however some computationally demanding functions are written in plain C++. In order to speed up learning time, parallel processing is supported as well.

13C signatures of aerosol organic and elemental carbon from major combustion sources in China and worldwide

<p>Isotopic source apportionment is commonly used to gain insight into sources and atmospheric processing of carbonaceous aerosols. Since elemental carbon (EC) is chemically stable, it is possible to apportion the main sources of EC (coal/biomass burning and traffic emissions) using a dual <sup>14</sup>C-<sup>13</sup>C isotope approach. However, dual-isotope source apportionment crucially relies on accurate knowledge of the <sup>13</sup>C source signatures, which are seldom measured directly for EC. In this work, we present extensive measurements of organic carbon (OC) and EC <sup>13</sup>C signatures for relevant sources in China. The EC <sup>13</sup>C source signatures are provided first time using the optical split point in a thermal-optical analyzer to isolate EC, which can greatly reduce the influence of pyrolyzed organic carbon (pOC). A series of sensitivity studies (pOC/EC separation) were conducted to investigate the reliability of our method and its relation to other EC isolation methods. Meanwhile, we summarized and compared the literature <sup>13</sup>C signatures in detail of raw source materials, total carbon (TC) and EC using a variety of thermal methods. Finally, we recommend composite EC <sup>13</sup>C source signatures with uncertainties and detailed application conditions. There are two points worth noting. First, the traffic <sup>13</sup>C signatures of raw materials and EC are separated into three groups according to geographical distribution. Second, the EC <sup>13</sup>C signature of C4 plant combustion can be influenced greatly if pOC and EC are not well separated, so the thermal-optical method is necessary. Using these EC <sup>13</sup>C source signatures in an exemplary dual-isotope source apportionment study shows improvement in precision. In addition, some interesting distinct and repeatable patterns were discovered in <sup>13</sup>C source signatures of semi-volatile, low-volatile, and non-volatile primary OC fractions.</p>

The Noble Nest by I. S. Turgenev: Poetics of Costume

The costume which has recently become the focus of many scientific disciplines has hardly attracted literary critics: the methodology of its research in fiction is just beginning to take shape. The historical and cultural approach, which essentially boils down to a commentary has been replaced by a very productive structural and semiotic approach that deciphers the semantics and functions of the costume. The methodology of our research is of a complex nature, combining the structural-semiotic, mythopoetic, and motivic aspects of the analysis of literary texts. The narratological aspect in the study of costume poetics is emphasized, which, as a rule, remains outside the scope of research.The narratological aspect is aimed at identifying “flickering” meanings in the structure of the whole – “prose as poetry” (V. Schmid).The dynamics of costume descriptions, their functionality in the structure of the whole and the specifics in the organization of the narrative (taking into account the “point of view”, the motive given by costume details and based on semantic nodes that connect polar meanings, etc.) are at the center of our research.Thanks to costume inclusions, the text of the novel The Noble Nest becomes multidimensional. Thus, the characterological detail of Panshin – a screw-shaped Golden ring is situational and at the same time conceptual: it connects the “beginnings” and “ends” of his story, symbolically programming fate. Laconic sketches of Lavretsky’s clothing, scattered throughout the text, formalizing the opposition of one’s own/ another’s, prepare a motif of loneliness and homelessness. In layered narrative created by the play of the author’s and character’s points of view, Lavretsky’s point of view “migrates” to the author’s one replacing it (“poetic” sign of the optics of the hero) and then separates from it. The content of the method of crushing, which replaced the silhouette image, is an expression of the confusion of the soul, deforming the female image. The details in Lavretsky’s “split” point of view are ambiguous: on the one hand, there is alienation, on the other hand, there is a subconscious attraction to the beloved woman in the primary, unreflexed sense of a person losing happiness. The novel’s flickering meaning is created by semantic nodes that match polarities. “White” is the symbolic color of the national, rooted in the soil (the white caps of Marfa Timofeevna and Nastasya Karpovna), and at the same time the ghostly, impossible realization of happiness (the rhyming white dress of Lisa and the white dress on the portrait of Lavretsky’s mother). “Black” is also ambivalent: the elegant black silk dress of Varvara Pavlovna and the unnamed color of Lisa’s monastic clothes in the Epilogue. The scarf that Marfa Timofeevna knits is a mythologeme that encodes the story of love and failed happiness and at the same time the semantic core of the poetics of incompleteness. Keywords: costume, costume poetics, mythologeme, narrative, semantics, point of view

El archivo fantasma. Apuntes acerca de la maternidad como (im)posibilidad en la práctica artística de Tracey Emin

La irrupción del movimiento conceptual y del discurso autobiográfico en el terreno artístico desde finales de la década de los sesenta del siglo pasado, supuso un punto de escisión que redefinió la obra de arte en base a premisas como la información, la significación, el lenguaje y el archivo. Bajo dicho contexto esta intervención pretende analizar la maternidad como un tropo que históricamente ha articulado la realidad femenina a través de cierta facción del corpus artístico de Tracey Emin relacionada con la creación de un archivo fantasma en torno a sus embarazos, sus abortos y sus hijos no natos.Así, desde una perspectiva analítica, sociológica y de género se analizará la perversión del archivo, la memoria y la autobiografía a través de la revelación de una narrativa espectral, anclada entre la vida y la muerte que, paradójicamente, constituirá para la artista la única vía a través de la que poder tolerar su traumática realidad. The emergence of both the conceptual movement and the autobiographical discourse in the artistic sphere towards theend of the sixties of the last century, entailed a split point that redefined the art work as information, significance, language and archive. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyse the maternity as a trope that, historically, has articulated feminine reality through one brach of Tracey Emin´s artwork related to the construction of a ghostly archive about her pregnancies, her abortions and her unborned children.Thus, from an analytical, sociological and gender critical approach, this paper ig going to analyze the perversión of the archive, memory and autobiography carried out by a ghostly narration, anchored between life and death that, paradoxically, for the artist will constitute the only way through which she can tolerate her traumatic reality.

Membaca Narasi Penciptaan Mazmur 19:1-6 Melalui Perspektif Kosmologi Intelligent Design: Irreducible Complexity

This article examines: is science and theology so wide apart from each other; is the suffering of bible scholars who have a "second class" status in academic conversation impossible to end? The advancement of science which should illuminate the theological-biblical notions which are textually unexplainable in scientific detail has in fact created such a sharp split point. The idea of Intelligent design: irreducible complexity promoted by Michael J. Behe provides a kind of “theistic interstice" that can be used as a lens to see the existence of an intelligent designer of the universe narrated in Psalms 19: 1-6. The existed complexity, cannot be reduced because the condition itself is threatening the universal system. This article concludes with the identification: if the assumptions of an intelligent designer who refers to God is considered too premature; the framework of an intelligent designer then provides an imaginative space to grapple with the possibility of His involvement in the universe. Abstrak Artikel ini mempertanyakan ulang: Apakah ilmu pengetahuan dan teologi alkitabiah sudah sedemikian jauh terpisah satu sama lain? Apakah penderitaan para sarjana kitab suci yang diklaim berstasus “kelas dua” dalam percakapan akademik mustahil diakhiri? Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan yang semestinya menerangi terminologi teologis-alkitabiah, yang barangkali memang secara tekstual tidak dijelaskan secara detail-ilmiah khususnya isu kosmologi dan kosmogoni, nyatanya justru telah menciptakan titik pisah yang begitu tajam. Gagasan kosmologi Intelligent design: irreducible complexity yang diusung oleh Michael J. Behe memberi semacam “celah teistik” yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai lensa untuk melihat kemungkinan keberadaan Sang Perancang Cerdas semesta raya dalam narasi Mazmur 19:1-6. Kerumitan yang ada, tidak dapat dikurangi, tidak boleh tidak ada. Mengingat situasi tersebut justru berpeluang mengancam sistem semesta. Artikel ini diakhiri dengan identifikasi, bahwa jika dugaan perancang cerdas yang merujuk kepada keberadaan Tuhan dinilai terlalu prematur, maka pemikiran intelligent designer menyediakan ruang imajinatif-intelektual untuk menggumuli kemungkinan keberadaan dan keterlibatan-Nya atas semesta.