A Comparative Study of Fluoride Containing Chlorhexidine and Non Chlorhexidine Mouthrinses in a Teenage Group

Background: Mouthwashes are important means used in chemical control of dental plaque. There is strong evidence suggestive of better effectiveness, when fluoride is added to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Objectives: The study was planned to assess the effect of a mouthrinse containing Chlorhexidine (CHX) and amine/stannous fluoride (AmF) on plaque accumulation, gingivitis and salivary fluoride levels in comparison with two mouthrinses containing either essential oils (EO) or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) with sodium fluoride (NaF) in a teenage group. Methodology: For this study 90 healthy teenage between 12 and 20 years were recruited for participation. The experimental gingivitis model consisted of a 2-weeks recruitment phase, followed by a 6-day rinsing period with one of the 4 mouthrinse formulations was used for the study. At the end of the pre-phase period and the rinsing period (Day-0/Day-6), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI) and salivary fluoride levels were recorded. The statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon sign test and the dependent t test. Results: A reduction in plaque re-growth was seen for the CHX+AmF formulation rinse, although there were no significant differences among all groups (p>0,001). During the experimental periods, the gingivitis indices increased significantly for all formulations (p<0,001), except for the CHX+AmF formulation. The CHX+AmF formulation scored higher levels of salivary fluoride at the end of the rinsing period (p>0,001). Conclusion: We would like to conclude that the adjunctive use of AmF containing CHX mouthrinses to mechanical oral hygiene should be recommended for teenage at risk groups. Keywords: CT KUB, Radiation safety, Minimise radiation

Human variation in gingival inflammation

Oral commensal bacteria actively participate with gingival tissue to maintain healthy neutrophil surveillance and normal tissue and bone turnover processes. Disruption of this homeostatic host–bacteria relationship occurs during experimental gingivitis studies where it has been clearly established that increases in the bacterial burden increase gingival inflammation. Here, we show that experimental gingivitis resulted in three unique clinical inflammatory phenotypes (high, low, and slow) and reveal that interleukin-1β, a reported major gingivitis-associated inflammatory mediator, was not associated with clinical gingival inflammation in the slow response group. In addition, significantly higher levels of Streptococcus spp. were also unique to this group. The low clinical response group was characterized by low concentrations of host mediators, despite similar bacterial accumulation and compositional characteristics as the high clinical response group. Neutrophil and bone activation modulators were down-regulated in all response groups, revealing novel tissue and bone protective responses during gingival inflammation. These alterations in chemokine and microbial composition responses during experimental gingivitis reveal a previously uncharacterized variation in the human host response to a disruption in gingival homeostasis. Understanding this human variation in gingival inflammation may facilitate the identification of periodontitis-susceptible individuals. Overall, this study underscores the variability in host responses in the human population arising from variations in host immune profiles (low responders) and microbial community maturation (slow responders) that may impact clinical outcomes in terms of destructive inflammation.

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN GUM DURING THE MODELING OF EXPERIMENTAL GINGIVITIS

Gingivitis is the most common disease of periodontal tissues in children. An experimental model of gingivitis is necessary to study the pathogenetic processes occurring in this disease, as well as to develop new dosage forms. Drugs based on phospholipase A are used to model gingivitis, its content in viper venom is 32—59.8 %. The aim of the work is to evaluate the clinical and morphological changes in the gum tissues in experimental gingivitis caused by the drug «Vipraxin». 20 animals were selected to simulate experimental gingivitis. They were injected once into the submucosal layer of the gum with the drug «Vipraxin», which is an aqueous solution (0,2 ml) of viper venom. All rats were biopsied for histological examination on the 6th day from the beginning of the experiment. Redness of the gingival margin, puffiness and smoothness of the contour were visually noted in all rats. Also bleeding was determined while probing. The histological preparations revealed disintegration of the cells of the spiny and granular layers of the epithelium, smoothness of the papillae of the connective tissue lamina proper, swelling and loosening of the fibrous structures, and vascular fullness. 3 groups of activity of the inflammatory process depending on the degree of severity of changes in the gum tissues: mild, moderate and severe. All clinical and morphological changes match to the inflammatory process in case of using the drug «Vipraxin». This drug can be used for modeling experimental gingivitis.

Effect of Holy Basil in Mouthrinses on De Novo Plaque Formation in a Four Day Plaque Regrowth Model with Experimental Gingivitis

To compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of 1.25% holy basil mouthwash to 0.2% chlorhexidine. 30 systemically healthy subjects where divided in three groups by randomization and were asked to refrain from maintaining mechanical measures for oral oral hygiene for 5 days and used one of the randomly assigned mouthwash (Group I - 0.2% chlorhexidine, Group II - 1.25% holy basil, Group III - sterile water.) Plaque index (PI) and Gingival index (GI) was assessed at day 0 and 5. Inter group comparison of all the parameters at baseline and 5 day using ANOVA revealed statistically significant result outcome. The results indicated that the 1.25% holy basil mouthwash has an anti-plaque effect. Hence, the prophylactic benefits of this anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis mouthwash could be beneficial in clinical settings.

Longitudinal multi-omics along gingivitis development reveal a suboptimal-health gum state with periodontitis-like microbiome

Most adults experience episodes of gingivitis, which can progress to the irreversible, chronic state of periodontitis. However the mechanistic roles of plaque in gingivitis onset and progression to periodontitis remain elusive. Here, we integrated the longitudinal multi-omics data from plaque metagenome, metabolome and salivary cytokines in 40 adults who transit from naturally-occurring gingivitis (NG), to healthy gingivae (baseline) and then to experimental gingivitis (EG). During EG, rapid and consistent alterations in plaque microbiota, metabolites and salivary cytokines emerged as early as 24-72 hours after pause of oral hygiene, defining an asymptomatic ‘sub-optimal health’ (SoH) stage. SoH also features a steep and synergetic decrease of plaque-derived betaine and Rothia spp., suggesting an anti-gum-inflammation mechanism by health-promoting microbial residents. Global, cross-cohort meta-analysis revealed a high Microbiome-based Periodontitis Index at SoH state, due to its convergent taxonomical and functional profiles towards those of periodontitis. In contrast, caries SoH features a microbial signature very distinct from caries. Thus SoH is a universal state of polymicrobial inflammations with disease-specific features, which is key to maintaining a disease-preventive plaque.

Effect of sulcular green tea extract irrigation on experimental rabbit’s gingivitis (A histopathological study)

Background: Considering the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of green tea, this study aimed to evaluate the histopathological effect of the sulcular irrigation of green tea extract in the treatment of experimental gingivitis in rabbit. Materials and methods: For this experimental study, 45 male rabbits, separated in two groups, control non- irrigated group (5rabbits) and study group (40 rabbits), gingivitis induced by ligatures was packed subgingivally in the lower right central incisors of the experimental group for seven days. Then, the animals were randomly designated to two irrigated groups (20 rabbits for each) with 50µl/kg of distilled water and 5% green tea extract once daily for seven days starting from the day of ligature removal respectively. Specimens have taken at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days for light microscopical evaluation of inflammatory cellular infiltration. Results: Regarding study group (5% of green tea extract), results demonstrated a significant reduction in the mean values of inflammatory cell counts within three days (P≤ 0.05) to reach the amount of control group within seven days (P˃ 0.05). A highly significant difference was detected between control group and study group sprayed with distilled water during all healing periods (P≤ 0.05). Histological examination showed that the resolution of gingival inflammation, re-epithelization, and tissue healing were achieved much quicker in the group of gingival sulcular irrigation with 5% green tea extract. Conclusions: In this experimental study, the histopathological analysis demonstrated that the use of 5% extract of green tea as gingival sulcular irrigation might fasten healing after the induction of gingivitis. Keywords: green tea, animal model, gingival sulcular irrigation, experimental gingivitis.