Effect of Unbalanced Nourishment on Growth Period to Memory in Mice

Quality of life in adulthood is determined by the quality of life of the embryo. Nutrition determines the quality of embryo life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of unbalance nourishment on memory in the mouse. This research is an experimental study using mice as experimental animals. Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 was given standard nourish (Feed 1), Group 2 was given high carbohydrate (Feed 2), Group 3 was given high protein (Feed 3), Group 4 was given a high fat (Feed 4) from weaning to pregnancy. Parameters measured were a memory with new objects recognition (NOR) methods. The result was mice with unbalance nourishment had memory decrease between after and before treatment. This can be explained by the calorie content of each feed. Feed 2 contains the smallest calories (2.89 Kcal). This means that the nutritional components are not sufficient as well as the calorie needs. Further research is unbalanced nourishment in the first generation will be passed on to the next generation.

HYPOXIA AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: Hypoxic regulation of preimplantation embryos: lessons from human embryonic stem cells

Development of the preimplantation embryo is reliant on nutrients present in the milieu of the reproductive tract. While carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and micronutrients are often considered when discussing preimplantation embryo nutrition, environmental oxygen is frequently overlooked. Although oxygen is not classically considered a nutrient, it is an important component of the in vitro culture environment and a critical regulator of cellular physiology. Oxygen is required to sustain an oxidative metabolism but when oxygen becomes limited, cells mount a physiological response driven by a family of transcription factors termed ‘hypoxia inducible factors’ which promote expression of a multitude of oxygen sensitive genes. It is this hypoxic response that is responsible not only for the switch to a glycolytic metabolism but also for a plethora of other cellular responses. There has been much debate in recent years over which environmental oxygen tension is preferential for the culture of preimplantation embryos. The review will evaluate this question and highlights how research using human embryonic stem cells can inform our understanding of why culturing under physiological oxygen tensions may be beneficial for the development of embryos generated through clinical in vitro fertilisation.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Menghambat Flexi Cranial Embrio Ayam Umur 48 Jam

Embryonic development forms three layers of germinativum that is endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. At the beginning of intrauterine fetus exchange of substances through diffusion, but in line with the development of the embryo, nutrition is not obtained through diffusion alone. Endoderm lining mesoderm cells will then be formed angioblasts as an early sign of vascularity. In the development of flexi cranial can be known from the development of the brain and heart which is characterized by bending the head of the embryo and decreased heart from the cranial down. The development of a normal vascular system will have an effect on organogenesis and morphogesis processes. If there are disturbances in the process of growth and development at that stage can cause congenital abnormalities. Xanthones mangosteen peel is rich in benefits, but in research on the effects of xanthones on embryos is still very limited and has not been able to explain their effects on the condition of the fetus. The study was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of mangosteen peel extract inhibiting the flexi cranial of 48 hours chicken embryos using doses of 100 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL. Mangosteen peel extract is injected into chicken eggs less than 7 days after oviposition then incubated for 48 hours. The results showed that mangosteen peel extract inhibited flexi cranial of chicken embryos with Chi-Square test results (p = 0.002). The conclusion of the study was that exposure to mangosteen peel extract inhibited flexi cranial and gave significant results.

26 PILOT STUDY: YOLK SAC VEGF EXPRESSION IN BOVINE EMBRYOS FROM REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES

The bovine yolk sac morphology and function are vulnerable to alterations by reproductive techniques. We hypothesised that the early haematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, and angiogenesis of yolk sac affect embryo nutrition and placenta differentiation. A pilot study on bovine yolk sac vascularization was done using gestations with 25, 30, 35, and 40 days of pregnancy, produced by IVF (n = 10) and NT of somatic cell (NT, n = 5). Samples from an abattoir were used as controls (n = 9). All pregnancies were conduced with zebuine cross-breed. We examined yolk sac gross and fine morphology. Also immunohistochemistry and qPCR were done for VEGF-A and receptors (VEGFR-1/Flt-1 and VEGFR-2/KDR). Morphological aspects, including vascularization, of yolk sac from control and IVF groups were tightly similar, although IVF is discretely precocious. However, NT group at Day 30 had low vascularization with thin endothelium, and large intercellular spaces in the endodermal layer, when compared with control and IVF. At Day 35 to 40, NT group improved vascularization and decreased intercellular spaces when compared with early NT samples, remaining less developed than control and IVF. Protein of VEGF-A and receptors (VEGFR-1/Flt-1 and VEGFR-2/KDR) were detected in all groups and ages. The VEGF-A was particularly present in cytoplasm of endodermal, endothelial cells, and in yolk sac blood islands. Furthermore, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were restricted to endodermal cells. At mRNA level, VEGF-A was highly expressed at Day 25 for IVF (P < 0.05) and at Day 30 for NT (P < 0.05). In addition, VEGFR-1 was highly expressed at Day 30 for IVF group (P < 0.05). For VEGFR-2 high averages were observed at Days 25 and 40 for IVF (P < 0.05). The high expression of VEGF-A and receptors in comparison with control may be due to the precocious yolk sac development in this group. The increase of VEGF-A at Day 30 in NT group is related to the moment of yolk sac vascularization development. In conclusion, yolk sac development is affected by reproductive techniques that alter the vascularization pattern, decreasing embryo nutrition and organogenesis.

A pea seed mutant affected in the differentiation of the embryonic epidermis is impaired in embryo growth and seed maturation

During legume seed development the epidermis of the embryos differentiates into a transfer cell layer which mediates nutrient uptake during the storage phase. This specific function of the epidermal cells is acquired at the onset of embryo maturation. We investigated this process in the pea seed mutant E2748. The epidermal cells of the mutant embryo, instead of turning into transfer cells, enlarge considerably and become vacuolated and tightly associated with adjacent seed tissues. Expression of a sucrose transporter gene that is upregulated in wild-type transfer cells decreases in the mutant and changes its spatial pattern. This indicates that the outermost cell layer of mutant cotyledons cannot acquire transfer cell morphology but loses epidermal cell identity and does not function as a sucrose uptake system. Seed coat growth as well as composition, concentration and dynamics of sugars within the endospermal vacuole are unchanged. The loss of epidermal identity has severe consequences for further embryo development and is followed by disruption of the symplast within the parenchyma, the breach of the developmental gradient, lower sucrose and starch levels and initiation of callus-like growth. It is concluded that the E2748 gene controls differentiation of the cotyledonary epidermis into transfer cells and thus is required for the regional specialisation with a function in embryo nutrition.

Intra-uterine larval development of the polystomatid monogeneans, Pseudodiplorchis americanus and Neodiplorchis scaphiopodis

Larvae of the monogeneans Pseudodiplorchis americanus and Neodiplorchis scaphiopodis develop within egg capsules retained in the uterus of the parent parasite. This study reveals adaptations for the storage and nutrition of infective stages which have no known precedent amongst other platyhelminths. The vitelline system is greatly reduced and appears to contribute little to embryo nutrition. An electron-dense ‘shell’ which encloses the newly formed embryos is subsequently replaced by a thin flexible sac composed of concentric layers of membranes which are derived from the uterus wall. Further membranes are added to this multi-laminate structure as the encapsulated embryos pass along the uterus, and this enables the sac to expand continuously as the larva inside it grows. The capsule lining extends into fine cytoplasmic processes which ‘plumb in’ to the larval tegument between ciliated cells. These connexions are packed with glycogen and appear to perform a placenta-like function. The unique adaptations correlate with the demands of the life-cycle. Large numbers of oncomiracidia (up to 300) can be packed, in membranous sacs, within the storage capacity of the uterus; direct transfer of nutrients from parent to offspring enables resources to be supplied over an extended period; and infective larvae can be maintained in readiness for an unpredictable opportunity for transmission.