Differentiating Central Lung Tumors from Atelectasis with Contrast-Enhanced CT-Based Radiomics Features

Objectives. To evaluate the utility of radiomics features in differentiating central lung cancers and atelectasis on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images. This study is retrospective. Materials and Methods. In this study, 36 patients with central pulmonary cancer and atelectasis between July 2013 and June 2018 were identified. A total of 1,653 2D and 2,327 3D radiomics features were extracted from segmented lung cancers and atelectasis on contrast-enhanced CT. The refined features were investigated for usefulness in classifying lung cancer and atelectasis according to the information gain, and 10 models were trained based on these features. The classification model is trained and tested at the region level and pixel level, respectively. Results. Among all the extracted features, 334 2D features and 1,507 3D features had an information gain (IG) greater than 0.1. The highest accuracy (AC) of the region classifiers was 0.9375. The best Dice score, Hausdorff distance, and voxel AC were 0.2076, 45.28, and 0.8675, respectively. Conclusions. Radiomics features derived from contrast-enhanced CT images can differentiate lung cancers and atelectasis at the regional and voxel levels.

PD-1 Blockade on Tumor Microenvironment-Resident ILC2s Promotes TNF-α Production and Restricts Progression of Metastatic Melanoma

While pulmonary ILC2s represent one of the major tissue-resident innate lymphoid cell populations at steady state and are key drivers of cytokine secretion in their occupational niche, their role in pulmonary cancer progression remains unclear. As the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) plays a major role in cancer immunotherapy and immunoregulatory properties, here we investigate the specific effect of PD-1 inhibition on ILC2s during pulmonary B16 melanoma cancer metastasis. We demonstrate that PD-1 inhibition on ILC2s suppresses B16 tumor growth. Further, PD-1 inhibition upregulates pulmonary ILC2-derived TNF-α production, a cytotoxic cytokine that directly induces cell death in B16 cells, independent of adaptive immunity. Together, these results highlight the importance of ILC2s and their anti-tumor role in pulmonary B16 cancer progression during PD-1 inhibitory immunotherapy.

Molecular pathogenesis of hereditary lung cancer: a literature review

Among all cancer types, pulmonary cancer has the highest mortality rate. Tobacco consumption remains the major risk factor for the development of lung cancer. However, many studies revealed a correlation between inherited genetic variants and predisposition to lung cancer, especially in nonsmokers. To date, genetic testing for the detection of germline mutations is not yet recommended in patients with lung cancer and testing is focused on somatic alterations given their implication in the treatment choice. Understanding the impact of genetic predisposition on the occurrence of lung cancer is essential to enable the introduction of accurate guidelines and recommendations that might reduce mortality. In this review paper, we describe familial lung cancer, and expose germline mutations that are linked to this type of cancer. We also report pathogenic genetic variants linked to syndromes associated with lung cancer.

Anti-Cancer Cyclodextrin Nanocapsules Based Formulation Development for Lung Chemotherapy

Lung carcinoma is one of the highly malignant carcinoma. Oncologists also face a difficulty in handling lung carcinoma. A novel therapeutically strategy in patients with pulmonary cancer may be the immediate injection of chemical-therapeutic agents within lungs. Many drugs are available for in market for treatment of lung cancer but face difficulty due to poor solubility. The paper discusses about development of cyclodextrin modified cationic polymer complex i.e. polyethylene glycol (PEG), wherein the complex is used for providing drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs, more specifically ellipcitine. The complex was made by coating PEG over cyclodextrin nanocapsules wherein the core of the capsule is filled with PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate oil for enhancing the delivery of the anti-cancer agent. The complex was then evaluated under characterization studies which includes particle size analysis, zeta potential, morphological analysis, cytotoxicity analysis and anti-cancer effect of the complex. It was found that the complex was more potent in delivering the drug within cancerous cells and was potent to treat lung carcinoma.

DIFFICULTIES OF DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BRONCHIOLOALVEOLAR PULMONARY CANCER AMONG PATIENTS WITH PHYSIATRIC AND PULMONOLOGICAL PROFILE

This is a clinical case of a patient whose deterioration was regarded as a manifestation of a drug-resistant form of a specific tuberculosis process, although all the results of studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative. Due to the lack of oncological alertness and the insufficient use of morphological diagnostic methods, it was not possible to diagnose the bronchioloalveolar lung cancer in this patient during examination.