Supplemental Material: Tracing fluid evolution in sedimentary basins with calcite geochemical, isotopic and U-Pb geochronological data: Implications for petroleum and mineral resource accumulation in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

Figure S1: Tectonic reconstruction maps for SE Asia; Table S1: Calcite LA-ICP-MS in situ U-Pb isotope data.

Supplemental Material: Tracing fluid evolution in sedimentary basins with calcite geochemical, isotopic and U-Pb geochronological data: Implications for petroleum and mineral resource accumulation in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

Figure S1: Tectonic reconstruction maps for SE Asia; Table S1: Calcite LA-ICP-MS in situ U-Pb isotope data.

The magnitude of the transverse contraction of the Middle Tien Shan along the “Karabuk” profile at the late orogenic stage

The detailed geological profile “Karabuk” constructed in recent years, crossing the triad of alpine structures “Naryn Depression - Baibichetoo Uplift - Atbashi Depression [[CHECK_DOUBLEQUOT_ENT]] in the central part of Tien Shan, provides new material for studying the style and parameters of deformations at the late phase of the Indian - Eurasian plate collision. Using original methodological techniques and in accordance with the basic principles of balanced sections method, the horizontal deformation of the rock complex of the Cenozoic sedimentary cover (a meridional reduction in the width of the orogenic belt) was determined, starting from the end of the Neogene. Variations in the thickness of the cover layers determined during the research were taken into account. The presented tectonic reconstruction demonstrates the structure of a single Naryn-Atbashi sedimentary basin before the intense deformations at the late orogenic phase. It is significant, that the magnitude of deformations on individual segments of the profile differs markedly. The cover of the Atbashi depression is more deformed, its width has decreased by 6 km (about 17%) in this section, while the borders of the wider Naryn depression have converged by only 3.7 km (8%). The total South-North contraction of the NBA system measured by us during the Cenozoic is about 10 km (12% of its original width). The values of the contraction from south to north (the horizontal component of the deformation) obtained by us compared with the values given by other researchers.

Mechanism of Gravity-Driven Deformation Using Sandbox Modeling: A Case Study of The Tarakan Sub-Basin, East Kalimantan

Based on the observations of subsurface and bathymetric maps, various structural patterns are observed in the Tarakan Basin, especially in the Tarakan and Tidung Sub-basins. One of the hypotheses put forward in this study that the gravity-driven mechanism is responsible to generate the normal faults system and folds -thrust belt in the offshore Tarakan Basin. We conducted an integrated study using palinspatic reconstructions of several seismic sections and an analogue-sandbox modeling to observe and explain this gravity-driven. The deformation modeling, which is controlled by gravity requires special conditions that can trigger the movement. The three main parameters that cause gravity deformation to occur are lithology, loading, and slope. In the case of the Tarakan Basin, modeling was carried out by referring to the results of 2D-seismic palinspatic reconstructions. Besides, the additional information as a basis for modeling is also based on the current topographic and bathymetric data. The tectonic reconstruction is used as a reference for paleo-stress data. In theory, one of the factors determining the occurrence of this mechanism is the presence of detachment. This detachment manifests the over-pressure fluid anomaly in the rock, such as over-pressure shale and salt layers. To simulate the conditions that may closely be like the behavior in this detachment, bead materials were selected in the sandbox modeling. Twenty-two experiments were conducted to test the bead as the materials in this modeling, and more than thirty experiments were carried out to model this case. From more than ten realizations, the model with the closest results to seismic interpretation and palinspastic analyses were chosen. From the results of experiments that have been conducted, the development of thrust faults related to the development of normal faults. This evidence is in line with the deformation of gravity-driven mechanism.

Geological Structure and Tectonic Reconstruction of Botutonuo and Surrounding Areas, Gorontalo

<p class="Normal1"><em><span>The research aimed to reconstruct the geological structure and tectonics based on fault, shear fracture and veins data of the Botutonuo and surrounding areas. This research was conducted with DEM interpretation method to determine the lineament pattern of rock offsets and the geological structure mapping method. Geological structure analysis was carried out by using kinematic analysis method of fault, fracture and veins data using the Win Tensor program to obtain the direction and type of stress forming it. Based on the results of the analysis, extensive stress and transtensive stress trendingN-S resulted direction of Normal Fault and Slip Fault (NE-SW). Extensional stress trending (NE-SW) is the result of reorientation stress trending (N-S) in the North Sulawesi arm which is accommodated by the Gorontalo Fault regime. Normal fault and slip fault are the 2nd order faults of the 1st order faults of Gorontalo faults.</span></em></p>

888–444 Ma Global Plate Tectonic Reconstruction With Emphasis on the Formation of Gondwana

The formation of Gondwana results from a complex history, which can be linked to many orogenic sutures. The sutures have often been gathered in the literature under broad orogenies — in particular the Eastern and Western Pan-African Orogenies — although their ages may vary a lot within those wide belts. The Panalesis model is a plate tectonic model, which aims at reconstructing 100% of the Earth’s surface, and proposes a geologically, geometrically, kinematically, and geodynamically coherent solution for the evolution of the Earth from 888 to 444 Ma. Although the model confirms that the assembly of Gondwana can be considered complete after the Damara and Kuunga orogenies, it shows above all that the detachment and amalgamation of “terranes” is a roughly continuous process, which even persisted after the Early Cambrian. By using the wealth of Plate Tectonics, the Panalesis model makes it possible to derive numerous additional data and maps, such as the age of the sea-floor everywhere on the planet at every time slice, for instance. The evolution of accretion rates at mid-oceanic ridges and subduction rates at trenches are shown here, and yields results consistent with previous estimates. Understanding the variation of the global tectonic activity of our planet through time is key to link plate tectonic modeling with other disciplines of Earth sciences.

Closure of the Proterozoic Mozambique Ocean was instigated by a late Tonian plate reorganization event

Plate reorganization events involve fundamental changes in lithospheric plate-motions and can influence the lithosphere-mantle system as well as both ocean and atmospheric circulation through bathymetric and topographic changes. Here, we compile published data to interpret the geological record of the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield and integrate this with a full-plate tectonic reconstruction. Our model reveals a plate reorganization event in the late Tonian period about 720 million years ago that changed plate-movement directions in the Mozambique Ocean. After the reorganization, Neoproterozoic India moved towards both the African cratons and Australia-Mawson and instigated the future amalgamation of central Gondwana about 200 million years later. This plate kinematic change is coeval with the breakup of the core of Rodinia between Australia-Mawson and Laurentia and Kalahari and Congo. We suggest the plate reorganization event caused the long-term shift of continents to the southern hemisphere and created a pan-northern hemisphere ocean in the Ediacaran.

Slab tearing of the Nazca plate in the Central Andes and its interaction with the overriding plate

&lt;p&gt;Slab tearing in subducting plates is widely implicated in terms of the factors that control the evolution of the structural geology of the over-riding crust, here illustrated by interactions between the subducting Nazca plate and the overlying overthrust western continental margin of South America. We examine the different ways that structures above the bounding megathrusts are linked to the ripping and tearing of the subducting plate beneath, in particular focussed on the Andean orogeny at the Arica bend during the formation of the Bolivian orocline. We can create models for slab tearing by integrating seismotectonic analysis, seismic tomography, and morphotectonics. There are many features in the UU-P07 tomographic model that we cannot yet relate to the evolution of surface structure, for example, the gaps and tears beneath the Bolivian Orocline, or the separation of the detached slab we interpret as a paleo-segment of the Nazca plate, illustrating traces of an ancient subduction system. However, we can link the evolution of some surface structures to the growth of the giant kink of the Nazca slab that connects to the surface near the Arica bend. This may have driven strike-slip faulting with opposing sense-of-shear, northern south of the Bolivian Orocline. Megathrust rupture segments may be related to the polygonal kinked trace of the orogen, which is not at all a continuously curved arc. In this contribution, we relate the growth and accentuation of the Arica Bend to the evolution of the giant kink in the Nazca plate using a 4-D tectonic reconstruction.&lt;/p&gt;

Floating the Vrancea slab and tectonic reconstruction of the collapse of the PalaeoPannonian Basin

&lt;p&gt;Here we present the first 4D tectonic reconstruction that models the Vrancea slablet and incorporates the floated slab as a constraint on the magnitude of slab rollback during collapse of the Palaeo-Pannonian Basin. Seismic tomographic images provide insight into the geometry and tectonic history of subducted slabs. High velocity anomalies can be interpreted as &amp;#8216;cold&amp;#8217; lithosphere penetrating &amp;#8216;warmer&amp;#8217; lower velocity asthenosphere, and 3D models created using the &lt;em&gt;SKUA-GOCAD&lt;/em&gt; modelling software. Combined with information from the 3D distribution of earthquake hypocentres, we thereby obtain a simple approximation to slab geometry beneath the Vrancea region. The resultant DXF was imported into the &lt;em&gt;Pplates&lt;/em&gt; tectonic reconstruction software, and floated back to the Earth&amp;#8217;s surface. The method utilised assumes no significant deformation (stretching, buckling, folding, shortening) during or after subduction, so that the obtained geometry estimates the pre-subduction configuration. The resultant floated slab is then incorporated as a constraint on 2D + time tectonic reconstructions. We apply a double-saloon-door rollback model, which involves propagation of a slab tear along the mid-Hungarian lineament. Each saloon-door rolls back independently of the other and this leads to two epochs of extension. AlPaCa is &amp;#8216;pulled&amp;#8217; eastwards and rotated counter-clockwise as the western saloon-door rolls back. The Tisza-Dacia unit is then &amp;#8216;pulled&amp;#8217; eastward, and rotated, but in a clockwise sense as the eastern saloon-door rolls back. Once the subduction hinge reached the East European Platform, the slab was left hanging. Gravitational forces then drove slab-boudinage and detachment in a similar fashion as occurs today beneath the Hindu Kush. This model explains the large opposing-sense vertical-axis rotations that occurred during convergence of the AlPaCa and Tisza-Dacia terranes. The zipper fault model rotates the microplates without requiring large-scale thrusting. Interpretation of the Mid-Hungarian lineament as a zipper-fault system is also consistent with the geodynamic effects expected because of tearing in a subducting plate leading to a double-saloon-door rollback. The vertical extent of the slab is roughly 300 km, which only fills half of the basin, consistent with the double-saloon-door roll-back model interpretation.&lt;/p&gt;