Audoly-Pomeau Linear Law of the Gol'denveizer Torus

The Gol'denveizer problem of a torus was studied analytically by Audoly and Pomeau (2002), and the accuracy of the Audoly and Pomeau linear law was confirmed numerically by Sun (2021). However, the law does not include the major radius R of the torus. To find the influence of the major radius, we used finite element numerical simulation to simulate different cases, and we propose a modified Audoly and Pomeau linear law for vertical deformation, which includes R. A linear law of horizontal deformation is presented as well. Our studies show that the Audoly and Pomeau linear law has high accuracy. With modified vertical and horizontal deformation, a displacement-compatible relation between them is formulated.

Analysis of Geogrid Reinforced Structures with a Passive Facing System Using Different Computational Methods

The article deals with designing and analysing a wrapped geogrid reinforced structure (GRS) with a passive facing system. The analysis has been done using analytical calculation and numerical modelling. The analytical calculations were executed using FINE Geo5 geotechnical software, and numerical modelling was executed using Plaxis 2D software. The analysis is focused mainly on comparing tension forces in geogrids and the stability of the reinforced embankment determined using both computational methods. The deformation analysis was done only using numerical modelling. The numerical modelling allowed for a more detailed analysis of the wrapped GRS. Each construction phase was modelled step by step according to an actual construction procedure. Two complex road embankments supported by GRS were modelled and analysed. The first model consisted of three GRS, which not affected each other. In the second model, the GRS at each side of the embankment influenced each other. The analysis results showed that tension forces in geogrids, determined using both computational methods, can differ significantly from each other. The stability of the reinforced embankment determined using numerical modelling was within the range of 0.87 – 1.22 of the stability determined using analytical calculation. The numerical modelling results showed that the final horizontal deformation of the passive facing is about 2.8 – 3.8 times smaller than the deformation of the wrapped GRS, which occurs during the construction of the embankment.

The magnitude of the transverse contraction of the Middle Tien Shan along the “Karabuk” profile at the late orogenic stage

The detailed geological profile “Karabuk” constructed in recent years, crossing the triad of alpine structures “Naryn Depression - Baibichetoo Uplift - Atbashi Depression [[CHECK_DOUBLEQUOT_ENT]] in the central part of Tien Shan, provides new material for studying the style and parameters of deformations at the late phase of the Indian - Eurasian plate collision. Using original methodological techniques and in accordance with the basic principles of balanced sections method, the horizontal deformation of the rock complex of the Cenozoic sedimentary cover (a meridional reduction in the width of the orogenic belt) was determined, starting from the end of the Neogene. Variations in the thickness of the cover layers determined during the research were taken into account. The presented tectonic reconstruction demonstrates the structure of a single Naryn-Atbashi sedimentary basin before the intense deformations at the late orogenic phase. It is significant, that the magnitude of deformations on individual segments of the profile differs markedly. The cover of the Atbashi depression is more deformed, its width has decreased by 6 km (about 17%) in this section, while the borders of the wider Naryn depression have converged by only 3.7 km (8%). The total South-North contraction of the NBA system measured by us during the Cenozoic is about 10 km (12% of its original width). The values of the contraction from south to north (the horizontal component of the deformation) obtained by us compared with the values given by other researchers.

Three-Dimensional Surface Deformation Characteristics Based on Time Series InSAR and GPS Technologies in Beijing, China

Excessive exploitation of the groundwater has resulted in obvious three-dimensional (3D) deformation features on the surface of the Beijing Plain. This paper, by combining Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies, has obtained time-series information of the 3D surface deformation in the Beijing Plain, analyzing its spatial distribution characteristics. On this basis, the relationship between different controlling factors with the 3D deformation of the surface has been analyzed as well. The following results are obtained: (1) From 2013 to 2018, the land subsidence, which generally showed the trend of slowing down, was mainly concentrated in the eastern, northern, and southern regions of Beijing Plain, with multiple subsidence centers. (2) Under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005 (ITRF2005), the horizontal direction of all GPS points in the plain is basically the same, with the dominant movement direction being NE112.5°~NE113.8°. Under the Eurasian reference frame, the horizontal movement rate of GPS points significantly decreases. The movement rate and direction of each point are not characteristic of overall trend activity. (3) The distribution and extent of the 3D surface deformation in the Beijing Plain are controlled by the basement structure. Part of the subsided area corresponds to a Quaternary depression formed at the junction of active faults disrupting the area. Similarly, the distribution of horizontal deformation in the E-W and N-S directions of the plain is controlled by the regional basement structure comprising major faults bounding horizontal deformation. (4) Groundwater exploitation is the main cause of the 3D surface deformation in the Beijing Plain. The groundwater funnels of the second and third confined aquifer are in suitable agreement with the land subsidence. The horizontal movement in the Beijing Plain is either directed toward the center of the groundwater or the land subsidence funnel, and the deformation is directed from areas with higher to areas with lower groundwater levels.

Seismic Damage and Analysis of the Xiker Earth Dam During the 2020 Jiashi Earthquake, Northwestern China

The 2020 Jiashi Mw 6.0 earthquake occurred at the Kepingtage fold-and-thrust belt in the South Tianshan front, Northwestern China. The ground shaking caused extensive co-seismic deformation of the Xiker dam in the meizoseismal area. We obtained strata distribution characteristics of the dam foundation through drilling. Using laboratory and in situ tests, the particle size distribution, standard penetration, and shear wave velocity of each layer were obtained. Along with peak ground acceleration, we evaluated the potential of sand liquefaction in various layers and proposed a relationship between dam fissures and sand liquefaction. Our results suggest that sand liquefaction occurred in the silty sand layer 0–3 m beneath the dam foundation. Sand liquefaction occurs behind the dam, resulting in uneven settlement of the dam foundation, making the horizontal deformation of the backslope of the dam significantly larger than the foreslope of the dam. Using numerical simulations, we found that sand liquefaction behind the dam can cause different horizontal deformation vectors (maximum deformation is ∼7.45 cm) in the dam foreslope and backslope, which cause the dam to rotate in the downstream direction. Large fissures also formed on the dam crest.

Behavioral Study of Bajulmati Dam Deformation Through Dam History Database-based Assessment

Dam will experience pressure from its own load up to the effect of loading reservoir water. As a result of this pressure force, the dam body will be deformed. The behavior of dam deformation needs to be monitored to know the vertical and horizontal deformation that occurs. This paper discusses the deformation behavior of bajulmati dam during the construction stage, first filling, and post-construction. The purpose of this analysis is to determine "normal" deformation behavior so that case studies showing "abnormal" deformation can be identified early and can then be further analyzed. Evaluation results of Bajulmati Dam deformation behavior based on the acceptance criteria from a similar dam history database showed that most instruments meet the criteria of deformation acceptance so that it is considered normal. Only a small percentage do not meet the acceptance criteria because the value is outside of the requirements. These results may be a concern and initial recommendation for further analysis of abnormal deformation behaviors occurring.

Probability Integral Method in the Influence of Ground Settlement on a Certain Construction Land

There is a potential threat of geological hazards in the construction land adjacent to a mined-out area on the west side. To accurately determine the degree of influence of the mined-out area in this area, this article has collected and sorted out five reports on a gypsum mine since 2010, combined with various parameters in the relevant reports, and used the integral probability method. Quantitatively calculate the surface displacement value, surface tilt value, absolute value of horizontal deformation and the maximum settlement value in the goaf area. The actual calculation results show that the construction land here is not affected by the goal of the gypsum mine.

Analysis of the Deformation Characteristics of Vertically Reinforced Subgrades to Address Land Shortage in Railroad Construction

Vertically reinforced subgrade (VRS) the construction of which involves building backfills first and then facing walls was developed for the railroad construction in areas with land shortages, such as civil areas. VRS minimizes the land use during railroad construction and operation. It also reduces residual settlement during railway operation by virtue of its staged construction process. In this study, numerical analysis was performed to quantitatively evaluate the deformation characteristics of VRS, such as surface settlement and horizontal deformation, during the construction and operation of railroads. It was confirmed that VRS with 40 cm of vertical spacing and a reinforcement short length of 0.35H complies with the limit of residual settlement (30 mm) and horizontal deformation (less than 0.03H) for concrete slab tracks, even in the most unfavorable conditions.

Urban Banyan public space in section

There exists a lack of public funding or political authority within the 21st century North American city for the creation of public space. In the absence of this authority, architecture can resist being merely a commodity for global profit and become an agent for the creation of public space through built form. While this is a topical idea in architectural discourse, through synthesized research intocontemporary urbanisms and by way of several architectural projects that explore public space, this thesis proposes an alternative methology to the conventions of framing public space through the horizontal deformation of a building. This thesis places public space as the hierarchal organizing figure for urban architecture and proposes a new connective public domain that might operate more like the Nolli Map in section rather than in plan.

Urban Banyan public space in section

There exists a lack of public funding or political authority within the 21st century North American city for the creation of public space. In the absence of this authority, architecture can resist being merely a commodity for global profit and become an agent for the creation of public space through built form. While this is a topical idea in architectural discourse, through synthesized research intocontemporary urbanisms and by way of several architectural projects that explore public space, this thesis proposes an alternative methology to the conventions of framing public space through the horizontal deformation of a building. This thesis places public space as the hierarchal organizing figure for urban architecture and proposes a new connective public domain that might operate more like the Nolli Map in section rather than in plan.