Motherhood on display: The child welfare exhibition in colonial Calcutta, 1920

This article focuses on the Health and Child Welfare Exhibition held in colonial Calcutta in 1920. Despite a few scholarly references, however, there has been no detailed study till date. The vicereines of India launched child welfare exhibitions motivated by the transnational exhibitory baby health week propaganda initiative to curb infant mortality. These exhibitions were also locally organised and collaborative in nature with an urgent nationalist appeal. The study critically engages with select Exhibition lectures about so-called ‘clean’ midwifery and ‘scientific’ motherhood given by famous Bengali medical practitioners and other prominent professionals, predominantly men and a few women. These drew intimate sociobiological connections between the problems of ‘dirty’ midwifery, ritual pollution, improper confinement, insanitary childbirth, insufficient lactation and the excessive maternal and infant deaths in Calcutta. The central argument is that these public lectures primarily focused on the very making of the ‘ideal’ Indian nursing mother, often imagined as the traditional yet modern bhadramahila mother figure, for rejuvenating community and national health and vigour. Correspondingly, it highlights the transnational resonance of famous Frederic Truby King’s ‘mothercraft’ popularised as childcare by the clock. The paper is, therefore, guided by the twin purposes of filling the gap in our knowledge about child welfare exhibitions in colonial India and illuminating extant scholarship on the global infant welfare movement.

Does Social Protection Affect Infant Welfare?

This research aims to assess the impact of conditional cash transfer (PKH) program on infant welfare. The poor people usually treated their babies inadequately due to of lack of resources. Government intervention by social protection program is expected to contribute to increase infant welfare. Infant welfare determines their quality of future life, and to some extent will determine the quality of human resources in a country. This research uses two micro data set which are Indonesia family life survey (IFLS) 4 and 5. The method is using econometrics with difference-in-differences (DiD) model to measure impact of the CCT program. Then, this research reveals that CCT (PKH) program is significantly positive affected to infant health status by 1.02% with OLS (2.39% using odered-probit and 4.38% using ordered-logit). However, the CCT program is insignificantly affected to increase infant weight. As a result, CCT program has just contributed to increase the infant welfare by increasing health status. By the result, the program should need to be improved and extended for beneficiaries in the future. By improving and extending program, the infant welfare will increase by health status indicator By this research, we can see how the significance of the program is contributed to the quality of Indonesia’s human resources by improving infant health status.Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dampak program keluarga harapan (CCT) terhadap kesejahteraan bayi. Masyarakat kurang mampu sering kali tidak mampu merawat bayinya dengan baik. Intervensi pemerintah melalui PKH/CCT diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan bayi. Kesejahteraan bayi menentukan kualitas hidupnya dimasa depan, dan akan menentukan kualitas sumber daya manusia pada suatu negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua periode data mikro Indonesia family life survey (IFLS) 4 dan 5. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah dengan ekonometrika menggunakan model difference-in-differences untuk mengukur dampak program PKH. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa program PKH berdampak positif terhadap status kesehatan bayi sebesar 1,02% dengan OLS (2,39% dengan ordered-probit, dan 4,38% dengan ordered-logit). Namun, program PKH tidak signifikan memengaruhi berat badan bayi. Maka, program PKH telah mampu berdampak positif melalui peningkatan status kesehatan bayi. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, keberadaan program PKH seharusnya perlu untuk ditingkatkan dan diperluas penerima manfaatnya. Melalui peningkatan dan perluasan manfaat, maka program akan secara langsung berdampak pada peningkatan status kesehatan bayi. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa kita dapat melihat bagaimana signifikasi dari program dalam berkontribusi meningkatkan kualitas sumber data manusia melalui peningkatan status kesejahteraan bayi.

On the Margins or in the Mainstream? The History of Childhood in France

The aim of this article is to set the context for the studies that follow by assessing the historiography on children and childhood in modern France (including works produced by foreign as well as French authors). The first section identifies topics with the highest and lowest profiles in the existing literature. In particular, it focuses on the former, documenting the wealth of French studies of the infant welfare movement, education and the impact of revolution and warfare on the young. The second section questions the influence the history of childhood has had on historical studies overall in France. It argues that to date, ‘top-down’ studies, concerned with the role of adults in childhood matters, have been more prominent than those looking from the ‘bottom-up’, emphasizing the agency and voices of children.

Challenges to Breastfeeding among Women Attending the Infant Welfare Clinic in a Selected Primary Health Care Center In Lagos, Nigeria

The transport phenomena mean the variation in time and space of generalized forces when they generate flows for which conservation laws apply. After we describes: mass-, impulse-, energy- and electric-charge-transport and their mathematical characteristic equations. In the living organisms, flows are not generated only by the conjugated generalized forces, but also by the simultaneous action of other forces, so frequencies of the crossing-effects in the human organism. The biophysical modeling offer a „language” of quantitative and qua¬litative process¬sing of expe¬rimental data, being compatible and adequate to the laws of biology.

Our Crow Indian Hospital

This chapter explores how members of the Crow Nation—especially women—navigated the various terminationist pressures of the post-World War II period. In these years, an influential group of policy makers pursued the dissolution of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the termination of tribal members’ political status as “American Indian.” In practice, one of the most immediate threats was the reduction or elimination of reservation health services. The chapter reveals that the female members of a new Crow Health Committee emerged as leaders in the community’s effort to protect the reservation hospital and to reform the colonial institution to meet the evolving needs of Crow people. In regular meetings with medical officers in the newly created Indian Health Service, these women presented comprehensive health services, and particularly maternal and infant welfare, as a federal obligation and a matter of Indian treaty rights.

Help Seeking Pattern among Postpartum Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence in Osogbo, Nigeria

Aim: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue in both developed and developing countries. A view of IPV as a personal problem, often reinforced by community and perpetrator denial as well as fear of retaliation and social ostracisation, deter many women from confiding in others and seeking help. The study aimed to assess help seeking pattern and knowledge about non-governmental organizations (NGO) among postpartum women attending postnatal and infant welfare clinics of LAUTECH Teaching Hospital (LTH), Osogbo. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at LTH, Osogbo Nigeria, between September and November 2015. Methodology: The study was conducted among 220 consenting postpartum women attending postnatal and infant welfare clinics of LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo using composite abuse scale and socio-demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: Majority of those who experienced IPV, 42 (71.2%) did not seek help. Among the 28.8% that sought help, majority used informal strategies like mother and other family members. Ninety-four percent of those who sought help said it was helpful and sixty-one percent of those exposed to intimate partner violence are aware of non-governmental organizations. Conclusion: There is need to strengthen the family members on how to support those exposed to intimate partner violence (through education on the media) since many women prefer them to formal services and more awareness creation about existence of NGO is needed.

Prelacteal Feeding Practices of Mothers Attending Infant Welfare Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Background: Breastfeeding pattern established in the immediate neonatal period is a determinant of long term breastfeeding behaviour. Objectives: To determine prelacteal feeding practices of mothers attending the Infant Welfare Clinic of a tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross sectional hospital based study carried out over a 3 month period. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to mothers whose babies were 0 to 6 months old, who visited the infant welfare clinics of the hospital for any of the child health services such as immunization, nutrition counselling, weighing and vitamin A supplementation. Questions asked included socio-demographics, the first feeds given immediately after birth, how long it took to commence breastfeeding and reasons for giving any feeds other than breast milk. Results: A total of 207 mothers participated in this study, mean age 30.73±4.129SD. 146 (70.5%) mothers gave breast milk as the first feeds to their babies while 61(29.5%) gave prelacteal feeds. Fifty eight (28%) of the babies were put to breast within 2-12 hours after delivery. There was a significant positive relationship between time to first breast feed and administration of prelacteal feeds (p = 0.000). Reasons for giving substances other than breast milk included poor or no lactation and caesarian section delivery. The commonest reason for not giving breast milk as the first feed was because breast milk did not flow. Factors which positively influenced giving breastmilk as the first feed included maternal level of education (p=0.018), delivery in government health facilities (p=0.00) and having vaginal delivery (p=0.008). Conclusion: Prelacteal feeding practice is common among mothers in Port Harcourt. Time to first breast feed, mode of delivery and place of delivery were some of the factors that influenced use of prelacteal feeds.