Arm choice post-stroke is habitual rather than optimal in right-, but not in left-paretic individuals

In non-disabled individuals, arm choice in pointing movements depends on expected biomechanical effort, expected success, and a handedness bias. Following a stroke, is arm choice re-optimized to account for the decreased motor performance, or does it follow a pre-injury habitual pattern? Because premorbidly right-handed individuals with left hemiparesis generally use their affected arm less than those with right hemiparesis, we hypothesized that arm choice follows a more habitual pattern in right- than in left-hemiparetic individuals. Participants with mild to moderate chronic stroke who were right-handed before stroke performed pointing movements in both free- and forced-choice blocks, both under a no-time constraint condition and under a fast-time constraint condition designed to promote habitual choice. Mixed-effects models of arm choice revealed that expected effort and side of stroke predicted choices overall. However, expected success predicted choice in left-, but not of right-hemiparetic individuals. Furthermore, while left-hemiparetic individuals tended to avoid unsuccessful movements in the fast condition by selecting their non-paretic arm, right-hemiparetic individuals persevered in choosing their more affected arm. In addition, reaction times decreased in left-hemiparetic individuals between the no-time and the fast condition but showed no changes in right-hemiparetic individuals. Finally, arm choice in the no-time condition correlated with a clinical measure of spontaneous arm use for right-, but not for left-hemiparetic individuals. Our results thus show that, in premorbidly right-handed individuals with mild to moderate chronic stroke, arm choice is habitual in right-hemiparetic individuals, but shows a greater degree of optimality by taking account expected success in left-hemiparetic individuals.

Manajemen Risiko dalam Transaksi Gadai Sepeda Motor di Kelurahan Pancor Lombok Timur

This study aims to find out how risk management will be faced by the public in conducting motorcycle pawn transactions. This research uses a qualitative research approach. People in Indonesia are already familiar with the word pawn, especially in the community in the Pancor Village, East Lombok Regency, which often occurs, namely motorcycle pawn transactions. This happens when someone needs funds in an urgent and fast condition, while the person concerned does not have cash or savings funds, then third-party funding becomes an alternative solution. Based on the results of this study, people who conduct transactions, especially those who receive pawning, will carry out risk management because they are more likely to have risks. . Whereas the party giving the pawn doesn't know how much risk is being faced by the party receiving the pawn. In connection with this, I as a researcher hope that the party providing the pawn in order to further minimize the risk to the party receiving the pawn so that the party receiving the pawn has no difficulty in managing the risk.

UJI AKTIFITAS TABIR SURYA NANO-TITANIUM OKSIDA UNTUK MENDUKUNG FORMULA KOSMETIK ANTIAGING KHUSUS MENGHAMBAT PENUAAN AKIBAT SINAR MATAHARI

Aging one of problems in social healthy especially in cosmetics community. UV-protection material was important because photo-aging give dominant effect at aging process. The development anti-aging material need exploration sunscreen material too. Utilization of Titanium Oxide in cosmetic formulation have been done. In this research Titanium Oxide was develop to form Nano-Titanium Oxide. It was important to get data that Nano-Titanium Oxide still have sunscreen activity. Spot, wrinkle and decrease of skin moisture were fast condition of aging if face skin get so many sun light especially UV-light with strong energy. In this research used nanomaterial of Titanium Oxide because nanomaterial give so many advantages. The method that used was measure UV absorption this material with UV-visible spectrophotometer instrument. The result of nanomaterial Titanium Oxide that still had sunscreen activity than support anti-aging in cosmetics formulation especially inhibit photo-aging. The impact of this research was the potential using of nanomaterial Titanium Oxide increase as anti-aging material that low level of cost in the future.

Estimation of Plastic and Creep Strain Development of SAC Solder under Cyclic Loading by Using Stepped Ramp Waves

The fatigue tests under both loading conditions of the Fast-Slow and the Slow-Fast were conducted to discuss validity of an inelastic strain analysis method which was proposed previously. The development behaviors of plastic and creep strains during the tests were analyzed by employing the stepped ramp wave (SW) loading. Using the analysis results, the difference of the development behaviors of plastic and creep strains between the Fast-Slow condition and the Slow-Fast condition was clarified. Then, the fatigue failure surfaces obtained from the tests were observed by using SEM to clarify the difference of the fracture surface between the Fast-Slow condition and the Slow-Fast condition. By correlating the aspect of fracture surface with the development behavior of plastic and creep strain, the validity of the proposed inelastic strain analysis method was discussed.

Speech rates converge in scripted turn-taking conversations

ABSTRACTWhen speakers engage in conversation, acoustic features of their utterances sometimes converge. We examined how the speech rate of participants changed when a confederate spoke at fast or slow rates during readings of scripted dialogues. A beat-tracking algorithm extracted the periodic relations between stressed syllables (beats) from acoustic recordings. The mean interbeat interval (IBI) between successive stressed syllables was compared across speech rates. Participants’ IBIs were smaller in the fast condition than in the slow condition; the difference between participants’ and the confederate's IBIs decreased across utterances. Cross-correlational analyses demonstrated mutual influences between speakers, with greater impact of the confederate on participants’ beat rates than vice versa. Beat rates converged in scripted conversations, suggesting speakers mutually entrain to one another's beat.

Genetic analysis of reaction time variability: room for improvement?

BackgroundIncreased reaction time variability (RTV) on cognitive tasks requiring a speeded response is characteristic of several psychiatric disorders. In attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the association with RTV is strong phenotypically and genetically, yet high RTV is not a stable impairment but shows ADHD-sensitive improvement under certain conditions, such as those with rewards. The state regulation theory proposed that the RTV difference score, which captures change from baseline to a rewarded or fast condition, specifically measures ‘state regulation’. By contrast, the interpretation of RTV baseline (slow, unrewarded) scores is debated. We aimed to investigate directly the degree of phenotypic and etiological overlap between RTV baseline and RTV difference scores.MethodWe conducted genetic model fitting analyses on go/no-go and fast task RTV data, across task conditions manipulating rewards and event rate, from a population-based twin sample (n=1314) and an ADHD and control sibling-pair sample (n=1265).ResultsPhenotypic and genetic/familial correlations were consistently high (0.72–0.98) between RTV baseline and difference scores, across tasks, manipulations and samples. By contrast, correlations were low between RTV in the manipulated condition and difference scores. A comparison across two different go/no-go task RTV difference scores (slow-fast/slow-incentive) showed high phenotypic and genetic/familial overlap (r = 0.75–0.83).ConclusionsOur finding that RTV difference scores measure largely the same etiological process as RTV under baseline condition supports theories emphasizing the malleability of the observed high RTV. Given the statistical shortcomings of difference scores, we recommend the use of RTV baseline scores for most analyses, including genetic analyses.

A Fast Subdividing Circuit Design for Moire Frenge Grating with Smart Materials and Structures

The key problem for improving the precision of grating sensor is the subdivision technolgy. According to the instable condition of traditional monostable trigger subdivision circuit works on fast condition, this paper adopts CPLD to judge the logic signal, can identify direction, subdivide and count. In addition, we have introduction of the exterior synchronous clock .The technology not only overcome the instable situation but also improve anti-jamming of circuit system .It has been proved that the method get the better effort in practice.